Emergency Responders And Emergency Emergencies - 1233 Words

When volunteers are able to help, they can provide essential economic, social, and emotional support that encourages community resilience. However, their effectiveness depends upon proper coordination of volunteers, groups and volunteer organizations. Having large numbers of people and supplies can pose serious challenges for emergency management. Massive volunteer responses are typically part of the initial response phase following a disaster but, on some occasions volunteer efforts extend throughout the post-impact and recovery periods. In order for the volunteers to remain successful throughout the post-impact period, it is important for volunteers to coordinate with the agencies they represent to identify what type of aid they can†¦show more content†¦Because of this, volunteer efforts were only focused on non-emergency recovery outside of the immediate area of Ground Zero. Volunteer Management by the Government There have been many times in recent history where poor volunteer management led to increased complications during the response and recovery process. If volunteer efforts are not managed and distributed appropriately they can lead to additional harm to victims, response personnel and the environment. Unmanaged workers, equipment, and volunteers at the scene of a disaster can create congestion and interfere with response activities. Oftentimes, volunteers and extra supplies show up at a disaster scene unrequested and can add to the chaos. Because of this, government officials began developing plans to manage volunteer efforts. The lack of volunteer management following Hurricane Andrew in 1993 caused FEMA to develop a list of recommendations for States to manage unsolicited goods, unaffiliated volunteers, and donations. After the Oklahoma City Bombing in 1995, thousands of spontaneous volunteers showed up to help, but there was no management process in place to coordinate their efforts. This led to Federal Officials requesting that local and state disaster plans begin including processes to organize and manage volunteers. When Hurricane Floyd hit the North Carolina coast in 1999,

Diseases Free Essays

The world that more than six billion people inhabit is a very dangerous place to live. Genocides and wars seem to spring up once the world has promised that another would not be allowed in the future. Children in most of this nation’s big cities are advised not to walk at night in the streets of their own city and parents worry that their children will be safe. We will write a custom essay sample on Diseases or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are all major problems which plague the world that we live in today. These problems are made by people and as a result, there is the potential that people can stop the above mentioned impediments to our happiness. What served as a more elusive and complicated force is the diseases which plagues this world and jeopardizes the lives and happiness of billions of people in this world. In the West, although not immune to diseases, we have been blessed with relative health against some of the diseases which have been all but eradicated in this part of the world. This is not the same in the underdeveloped countries where open sewage and a severe lack of proper health care seems only to breed these diseases and increased the death and destruction in these parts of the world in a most exponential fashion. Some of these diseases are the plague, malaria, Filariasis and African Sleeping Sickness. All of these diseases, which are allowed to infect millions of people on a yearly basis, are encouraged to breed, grow and infect because of a severe lack of sanitary conditions. As a result, rodents, worms and mosquitoes are their main mode of transportation; creatures which are attracted to open sewage and poor sanitation services. As a result, the above mentioned diseases continue to infect and kill millions of people. There has been progress made in the attempt to eradicate these diseases from the world but it has become painfully obvious that this will not happen overnight. These are the aspects which these four, very distinct diseases have with one another; they are most popular in the underdeveloped countries of the world, the disease is carried by rodents and mosquitoes and all are deadly. Malaria is one of the most devastating diseases in the world today. Not only does the disease cause a great deal of pain and suffering for its victims, the global cost that the world absorbs as it tries to combat this most crippling disease, ranks up there with some of the most costly diseases in the world today. As it is the case with most such crippling diseases, the symptoms create a great deal of pain for its victim. â€Å"Some of these symptoms are vomiting, anemia and convulsions. Drastic changes in the temperature of the individual as well served as one of the major impediments to the comfort of the individual. † Sudden coldness, followed by severe sweating which can last for hours, usually is associated and follows closely with the classic symptoms of malaria. The previously mentioned symptom of anemia is most devastating am9ong children who are some of the diseases most popular hosts. Malaria among adolescents, when at this crucial stage of brain development, wrecks havoc among the victim and severely retards and often times kills, the young child who has become infected. Malaria is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium. In humans, it is the genus falciparum which causes 80% of the infections among humans and over 90% of the deaths. Malaria in human develops in two separate phases. When a mosquito is infected with the disease and pierces the skin of a human with their bite, the saliva of the mosquito enters the bloodstream and within as little as thirty minutes, the liver begins to fight the infectious disease; many times with crippling and deadly affects. â€Å"What adds to the danger of the disease is that within that half an hour of being introduced to the human, the infectious cells being to multiply and will continue to do so for a period of seven to sixteen days. † Once introduced to the liver, they begin to rupture into the liver and infect the red blood cells. The exponential increase of infecting red blood cells will lead to a fever within the human. The parasite adds to its danger by being oblivious to the natural defense mechanisms which the body has in fighting off such foreign diseases within the body. The parasite’s life cycle is so short and while it resides within the liver, remains immune to the natural defenses that the body has in defending itself. Also, the parasites are able to stick to the walls of the infected blood cells and thereby avoids being flushed out of the body through the spleen where they would be destroyed by the body. All of the above mentioned give rise to the dangerous aspects of the disease itself. The parasite acts like a thief in the night who seeks to change his disguise in order to prevent from getting caught. It stays one step ahead of the competition and therefore, ensures a long life in the body of a human being. This unique feature within the parasite has resulted in the death of millions of individuals throughout the world. When faced with a problem on such a large and crippling scale, the obvious reaction is to wonder what defenses, if any, can be used to help combat those infected with such a disease. The first problem, aside from the illusiveness of the disease itself, is the fact that malaria is most popular in underdeveloped areas; areas where hospital care and proper sanitation are the exception rather than the rule. Also, currently there is no vaccine which can effectively combat the disease in order to prevent the disease in the first place. However, through the successful efforts of first recognizing the cause and breeding grounds of malaria, the United States and Southern Europe, once popular areas for malaria, have become nearly eradicated from those parts of the world. â€Å"In 2003, there was only 1,099 reported cases of malaria in the United States; a country of nearly 300 million people at that time. † Of those nearly eleven hundred cases, only eight resulted in death. Another such dangerous disease which is very common in the underdeveloped countries of the world is Filariasis. In the United States, little is known about the disease as only a rare number of cases every occur in the United States. However, there is a staggering number of people who are at risk of being infected with the disease. â€Å"The World Health Organization estimates that every year, more than 1. 4 billion people are in danger of being infected with this disease. † Filariasis is a disease which is caused by a parasitic worm and is transited by mosquitoes. It was first recognized in 1866 by Otto Wucherer who presented the presence of the disease in the urine of his infected patients. The next few years would be an important time in the history of the discovery of the disease as one important research discovery occurred in the latter half of the 19th century. However, this did not result in a vaccination for the peoples of the underdeveloped portions of the world. Millions would be affected with the symptoms of the disease. Only now, they would be able to identify it; small comfort for those infected with the disease. One of the most obvious symptoms of the disease is elephantiasis or the thickening of the skin and its underlining tissues. This usually occurs in the groin region of the patient or in any one of his limbs but which usually occurs in his feet. There are currently 120 million people who are affected with the disease. Many of them reside in Asia, Africa and Central and South America; all areas that are considered underdeveloped countries with poor sanitation and many areas, like Central and South America and especially areas of Asia, which are tropical environments and which breed mosquitoes. Also, of the 120 million people who are currently infected, over forty million are infected with the disease to such a degree, that they are incapacitated, many times for the rest of their lives since treatment of the disease at such an advanced stage, especially when it is most popular in underdeveloped countries where treatment of the disease is more of the exception than the rule, there resides little hope in the rapid recovery of the individual from such a crippling disease; both mentally and physically for the patient. This aids in a life of poverty, not only for the individual but in the society in which he is a part of. A person who cannot work, does not aid in the survival of the society and in the building up of the social and economic structure of his community. This decreases the taxes or other various forms of revenue which he would have otherwise been contributing to the society. Instead of contributing to society, the infected patient, unable to work or even to feed himself, now depends upon the help of a family member who now must spend their time caring for their loved one. This placed upon the family, a mental, physical and economic burden that otherwise, would not have been present had such a dangerous disease been introduced to the society. Also, in these societies; many of which are underdeveloped to say the least, the hopes of bettering their conditions further decreases with time. The next question beyond attempting to identify how the disease is contracted, is the question of how can it be correctly and quickly diagnosed. The illusive nature of the disease makes diagnosis that much harder as its symptoms do not always follow the textbook examples which members of the medical community are trained to spot. The most accurate ways in which to identify the presence of Filariasis is through a blood test. What is one of the most fascinating, unique and in the end tragic characteristic in trying to identify the disease is the fact that the parasites have been referred to as â€Å"nocturnal periodicity† because they resist appearance within conventional tests which are administered during the day. Blood tests must be taken at night when the microfilaria are most common in the peripheral blood. Despite this unique illusiveness of the disease, blood tests are common and inexpensive compared to the other procedures which are often out of the reach of the communities in such high at risk areas of the world which coincidentally, are some of the poorest countries in the world as well. Once the disease has been identified, it now falls upon the health officials in the area where it has affected most of its people, to try to forever eradicate the disease from their community, and then from the rest of the world. The first step in this task is containment. The levels of worm larvae which is present within the blood, must be reduced as much as possible so that there would then exist, such trace amounts that mosquitoes would find it nearly impossible to spread the disease to another human being. Mectizan is one of the most popular prescriptions which is used to combat the spread of the disease. Albendazole has also been used to contain the spread of the disease. All of the above mentioned first attack the disease within the blood; trying to decrease the high levels which are present within the blood stream. Complete eradication cannot always be expected but when the drugs result in only trace elements being present in the blood stream, it served as a tremendous strip in the right direction for the eventual eradication of this most painful and crippling disease. Concerning all of the diseases aforementioned, the plague, commonly called the Bubonic Plague but which can take on several different forms, is the most popular because of its crippling effects upon Western Civilization. The main difference with the plague is that when it was at its very worst, it was Western Civilization which was brought to its knees while most of the rest of the world was spared of its damaging effects. Either that or it exists much less recorded evidence of its existence. There was a major outbreak in China which â€Å"was referred to as the 3rd Pandemic in the 1850’s but when talking about the plague, the image of millions upon millions of Europeans during the Middle Ages with the people unable to protect themselves at all, is conjured up in the minds of those who hear the word plague. † This is accurate but also erroneously fails to recognize the contemporary effects that the plague has on the world today. The plague is a disease which resides mostly in fleas and rodents. The infection of a human being occurs when a person is bitten by a flea that has been affected by an infected rodent. The bacteria blocks the stomach and gives the flea a strong sense of hunger which propels the flea to feast on the blood of humans at an elevated pace. This only increases the spread of the disease and its deadly effects. Some of these effects are the constant bleeding of the skin and the internal organs which creates black patches on the skin. The pneumonic plague infects the lungs as there are various forms of the plague. The one thing which is common in all forms of the plague is its devastating effects and long history in the world today. Of all of the diseases aforementioned, as well as in the history of science, the plague has one of the longest histories. The first recorded mention of the plague is seen in the Old Testament when I Samuel records the Philistines being struck by a plague in which there was open sores and severe swelling. This was recorded around 100 BC and began a long history of this most crippling disease. One of the most famous instances of the Plague was the plague which hit Europe in the 14th century. It was called the Black Death and historians believe that as many as 1/3 of the entire population of Europe was stricken with the disease and eventually died. There was no defense against the disease and with Europe lacking in the essential sanitation services which are common place today, there was little defense that many people could have against the disease. What made the disease even more devastating was the fact that people could barely identify the disease but was unable to pinpoint its origins. Other plagues would hit Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries but with a lessening affect on the death rate of the people. It was not until the 19th century was rodents pinpointed as the main mode of transportation for the disease. Also, with an increase in the sanitation of its sewers, the plague, at least in Europe, eventually subsided. However, not before millions of people died a most gruesome death from the crippling disease. The effect that the plague had on Europe at that time was more than just tallying up the numbers of dead, although that was most important. What was also devastating, and an effect which would not be recognized until centuries later, was the way in which the disease set back Western civilization centuries in the fields of science and math. Although historians have largely dismissed the term â€Å"The Late Dark Ages’ there still was an absence of learning and scholarly endeavors which took place at this time compared to its following generations. This is especially true in comparison to the achievements that Arab nations, who at this time, was ahead of the West in many different categories of learning and internal improvements. Another most unique aspect of the disease is that fact that the disease was used as a form of a biological weapon. This is another aspect of the disease which sets it apart from all others previously mentioned. World War II was a prime example of how a major worldly conflict could bring out new ways in which to create destruction among one’s fellow man. During the war, Japan, and to a lesser extent Germany, sought to breed masses of fleas in order to create and control the disease in order for it to be used on the Allied forces. Although largely unsuccessful, both the United States and the Soviet Union, in their recognition of the beginning of the Cold War, sought to develop means of weapon sing a version of the pneumonic plague in the event that a war with each other was to break out in the future. This never did happen but with the fall of the Soviet Union in the early 1990’s, multiple viles of biological warfare, including strains of the plague, were lost; stolen or secretly misplaced in order to combat one’s own sinister motives for destruction. The last and usually overlooked disease which much of the West is oblivious to, both in the experience and knowledge of its effects is African Sleeping Sickness of African Trypanosomiasis. Like the aforementioned diseases, African Sleeping Sickness is caused by a parasite and is revisited by the bite of a fly, usually a tsetse fly. There is an estimated 250,000 new cases each year by the World Health Organization believes that this is only a fraction of the actual cases which occur. The discrepancy is due mostly to simply underreporting the disease. The name of the disease is very accurate. However, it does not mean that its symptoms are to be only included in Africa. It is the most popular area of infection. Some of the countries hit the worst have been Uganda, Kenya, Zaire and Zimbabwe. Also, what makes the disease unique is the fact that the parasite which causes the illness can remain dormant in the body for weeks or even sometimes months before symptoms arise. â€Å"Therefore, there an additional tens of millions of people who are estimated to be living with some of the more than 250 different strands which constitute the disease. † It is also estimated by the World Health Organization that the disease is mainly contained on the continent of Africa with the vast majority of reported cases occurring in thirty six of the Sub Saharan countries in Africa. What is common with this disease as with all of the aforementioned is the way in which it is transferred from one human to another. The most common and effective mode of transportation is with the tsetse fly. This is in connection with the mode of transportation of all of the aforementioned diseases in the fact that a member of the insect family is either directly or indirectly involved in the transformation of this most fatal disease. When a person becomes infected, they have bouts of fever and headache, painful joints as the parasites quickly multiply within the body. The second and most deadly phase comes when the brain is affected and the sleeping pattern of the infected individual is directly affected. This is what gives the disease its name but an altered sleeping pattern is not the only condition which is associated with the disease. This only signals one of the last stages of the disease and death will usually follow. The disease, when left untreated, will cause death. If the disease is caught in time, there is still the risk of brain damage as the only available drugs which are used to combat the disease; often times cause irreversible nerve damage within the brain. Also, even with the successful treatment of the disease, unless caught in literally the first couple of days of the disease, the lifespan of the individual is reduced by nine to fourteen years on average. It is a most harmful disease which the World Health Organization is calling for a heightened recognition and treatment for the areas of Africa which are most affected by the disease. Malaria, African Sleeping sickness, the plague and Filariasis all have one thing in common: they all cause death. It is not comforting to the people who have dedicated their lives to the eradication of the disease that each has different symptoms which will lead the patient to the same outcome. The goal is to help make these diseases a thing of the past. One of the most obvious characteristic which all of these diseases have in common is the mode of transportation that the parasites rely upon in order to spread from one individual to another on a large scale. Malaria directly depends upon mosquitoes and therefore, tropical areas are breeding grounds for the disease. Therefore, much of South America as well as Asian countries with high ran fall totals, are in a heightened risk of infection. Malaria, of all the aforementioned diseases, is the one which has killed the most people. It is hard to know exactly how many people the plague has killed. Its major outbreak during the middle of the 14th century, does not give an accurate estimate of the number of people that it has killed. Malaria has killed at least 300 million people in its long and disastrous history. Also, more than a million new cases arise every year with many dying. Malaria has been and continued to be, one of the most dangerous and deadly diseases in the world today. Therefore, it behooves the entire world to stay educated as to the dangers of the disease and to prevent oneself from the disease. The plague is one of the most famous of all of the diseases. The danger of contracting the plague during Medieval Europe was a real fear for the people. At that time, only the best doctors were occasionally able to identify the disease itself. Being able to treat the individual or even prevent the further spreading of the disease was not yet an option,. Never before in human history had mankind been presented with a disease which left the medical as well as the general populations so helpless and in the dark as to how to treat the disease. It was eventually discovered that the disease was spread through the contamination of rodents by mosquitoes. The lack of proper sewage systems and an all around lack of cleanliness and knowledge, helped to increase the tally of the numbers of dead which can be contributed to the black death of the 14th century. Filariasis is one of the most unique diseases that has been mentioned. On the surface, the disease seems to have only an outward affect upon its victim with the enlargement of various of a person’s body. This alone is still a reason to b vigilant. However, the disease will often time, if left untreated, to death of the victim. Therefore, not only does the victim infected with a disease which manes and disfigures, it also will lead to death. The disease is a direct attack on the blood as the parasite acts as though it has a mind of its own as it evades the various natural defenses of the body; always staying one step ahead and responding the body’s attempt to kill the disease. The disease is introduced into the body through an insect bite. The same can be said of African Sleeping Sickness. What is unique about this disease is the relative ignorance that the rest of the world has for the disease. The World Health Organization is staying as up to date as it possibly can but with a severe case of underreporting, it is hard for such organizations to keep tabs and chart the progress of the disease as well as the success of treatments which have been designed to stop the disease. The fact that the disease can stay dormant in the body for a sustained amount of time also adds to the evasiveness of the disease and therefore its treatment and eradication for the future. Those who live in the United States of America and throughout the West are very fortunate people as the number of cases which these four diseases are seen in individuals are very low. Usually, when any of these diseases are introduced into the country, it is from an infected person who came from one of the various trouble spots of the world. A lack of sanitation and medical care as well as environments which breed these various types of mosquitoes all contribute to the heightened risk which people living in these areas have to face on a daily basis. How to cite Diseases, Papers

Management Fundamentals

Question: Discuss about the importance of team management in international management. Answer: Part 1 Team work is very important for a business. In the case of international business, interaction within the employees is very important as it is the pillar of efficient teamwork. Efficient teamwork is the key to organizational success in global business (Turner 2012). In this paper the team management would be discussed which is required for managing team in an international project. In this context, some management theories would be discussed here which are important for managing international and diverse team. In addition, the reason for which these theories are important in international management would also be discussed here. In this paper, the Maslows hierarchy of needs theory would be discussed along with the necessity of the managers to know about this theory. In an international team, there are different kinds of team members with different culture, beliefs, values and perception. Therefore, the leader or manager should motivate the team mates to work in a group. This theory was established by Abraham Maslow in 1943 (Boussebaa et al. 2012). This theory highlights the basic needs of the employees for being motivated and work as a team. The needs have been arranged in a form of hierarchy. At the base of the hierarchy, there are the basic physiological needs, then the safety needs, love and belonging or social needs, self esteem, self actualization. It has been revealed that in an international team, there can be team members from various age group and their perceptions and values would not be similar (Sung and Choi 2012). Thus, this theory states that the manager or team leader should give the team memb ers to grow from the beginning level to understand how to adjust with other team members to work successfully in a team. Here, providing the basic psychological needs is the primary responsibility of the team leader which would encourage the employees to reach the next level (Deresky and Christopher 2011). In the next level, the employees would be provided with safety needs. In this stage, the team leaders would help to achieve team work skills and would provide the safety needs. Once the team members feel safe, they would be encouraged to participate in the teamwork with more efficiency. It would also help to reduce the level of internal tea, conflicts within the team members. In the next stage, they would be provided with social support, needs related to love and belonging (Bhabha 2012). The team leader would attempt to build a positive and trustworthy relationship with the team member who would allow the employees to share their values and beliefs with the team leader and others team member, it would help to build the team strength and reduce the onset of team conflicts. In the next step, the self esteem of the team mates would be enhanced through proper guidance (Christopher 2012). One of the important aspects in international team management is managing change implementation. It i s because, some people might resist change and others may support the change. Thus, through effective mentoring, their self-esteem could be enhanced and with enhanced self-confidence, the team mates would have more confidence to accept change in the organizational context (Cascio 2012). Finally, to work in a diverse team, the self actualization is very important which is at the top of this hierarchical theory. Motivation would lead to this step, when people would be able to explore their internal strength and competencies, therefore, they would be able to manage the internal conflicts (Lientz and Rea 2012). Mary Parker Follett was a social worker as well as political theorist who was known as the pioneer of management theories. In her organizational theory, she pioneered the understanding of lateral processes in a hierarchical firm (Well et al. 2012). She discussed the importance of informal processes in the organization and promoted the perspective of authority of expertise. In her management theory, she advocated the pull approach in spite of a push approach to the employees. She showed the difference between power over and power with (Berry and Bell 2012). While discussing about her management theory, she depicted the insightful perspectives on negotiation, power sharing and conflict resolution for shaping the modern management theories (Motohashi 2012). The Mary Parker Follett Theory of Management is marked by some principles which are as follows: The conflict resolution via integration usually results in a win-win position. Here integration is referred to the identification and achievement of compatible needs of each respective party, as opposed to attempt to achieve the frequent-incompatible expressed desire of each party. In the sub-theory, Mary Parker Follett leadership theory, the genuine power is highlighted as coactive in spite being coercive. According the Folletts theory, true leaders establish group power, in spite of expressing or exploiting personal power. While implementing Mary Parker Folletts theory in managing an international team, there are various types of online tools available which would help to gain more in-depth awareness about this theory and related principles, based on which the internal steps could be taken (Lemaire et al. 2012). The leadership theory depicts the importance of group dynamics and the features required in a group. According to this theory, the approach of power with would be applied in the group in spite of power over. IT would help the employees to explore and share their power in management functions done by the group (Daly et al. 2012). In addition, while implementing the Mary Parker Folletts theory for conflict resolution, integrating employees needs in the conflict situation would lead to a win-win situation (Jormanainen and Koveshnikov 2012). According to this theory, the power sharing of the team members along with the leader would help the team to perform in a systematic manner which would help to gain success more rapidly and the perception, authority of expertise would be followed as a result of power sharing which would help the team members to identify their area of expertise which would be explored at the right time and right place for improving the teams performance (Menz 2012). Part 2 Managing an international team is quite difficult, as here we need to manage different types of people, who have diverse cultural and social background. Thus, the cross cultural conflicts may arise. While managing the team, the team leader should motivate them. Two most sensitive areas in a team which are the common concern of team leaders or managers are managing communication and cultural diversity within the team mates. In a cross cultural or international team, as a manager, we should interact with the team members through the provision of a supportive environment. While working as a leader of a team, I have dealt with people from different age group, someone from 25 years age and someone from 45 years old age group. In this context, I have seen that difficult behavior of one team met can affect the productivity of the entire group. One of the major issues which I have faced was the inappropriate communication within the team mates. The 25 years old young team mate did not suppor t the ideas provided by the 45 years old middle age woman. In addition, the 25 years old young man was so arrogant and used to be his own boss in spite of interacting with others. The other team members also reported to me about his inadequate behavior. In this context, I used my problem solving skills and arranged a face to face meeting with them individually. While talking with the individual, I allowed him to tell and listen to his problem with positive facial expression. He highlighted that he is not comfortable with others from different age group as they have different types of thinking. I attempted to politely make him understand that why he needs to cooperate with team mate from other age group. Then assured him that with his positive response in the team, he would be rewarded. It promoted him to enhance his interaction with others, once he started to interact with others, it became easier for him to work with his team mates and I assessed that it also enhanced our teams productivity significantly. Another difficult area to manage the team was the cultural diversity of a team. I have worked with a Japanese man who was 35 years old. While implementing change in the organization, he was always against the change. As the Japanese management culture support slow process of decision making, he was not familiar with quick decision making and change process. In this context, i heard that he was having clash with others in the team regarding the thought process. Therefore, on the basis of my critical thinking skills, I arranged a training program, for him which would help him to adapt in different corporate environment. The result led to enhanced interaction with others and enhanced team performance. Reference List Berry, D.P. and Bell, M.P., 2012. Expatriates: gender, race and class distinctions in international management.Gender, Work Organization,19(1), pp.10-28. Bhabha, J., 2012, March. Talking the Talk and Walking the Walk: International Management, Human Rights, and Domestic Politics. InASIL Annual Meeting Proceedings(Vol. 106, pp. 61-65). American Society for International Law. Boussebaa, M., Morgan, G. and Sturdy, A., 2012. Constructing global firms? National, transnational and neocolonial effects in international management consultancies.Organization Studies,33(4), pp.465-486. Cascio, W.F., 2012. Methodological issues in international HR management research.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(12), pp.2532-2545. Christopher, E.M., 2012.International management: explorations across cultures. Kogan Page Publishers. Daly, P.S., White, M.M., Zisk, D.S. and Cavazos, D.E., 2012. Problem-based teaching in international management: A political/economic risk assessment exercise.Journal of Teaching in International Business,23(4), pp.260-276. Deresky, H. and Christopher, E., 2011.International management: Managing cultural diversity. Pearson Higher Education AU. Jormanainen, I. and Koveshnikov, P.C.A., 2012. International activities of emerging market firms.Management International Review,52(5), pp.691-725. Lemaire, J.P., Mayrhofer, U. and Milliot, E., 2012. Challenges of International Management on the Dawn of the 21st Century. In38th Annual EIBA (European International Business Academy) Conference(pp. 1-23). Lientz, B. and Rea, K., 2012.International project management. Routledge. Menz, M., 2012. Functional Top Management Team Members A Review, Synthesis, and Research Agenda.Journal of Management,38(1), pp.45-80. Motohashi, K., 2012. Growing RD in Emerging Economies: Implications for International Management and Competitiveness.International Journal of Global Business and Competitiveness,7(1), pp.13-19. Sung, S.Y. and Choi, J.N., 2012. Effects of team knowledge management on the creativity and financial performance of organizational teams.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,118(1), pp.4-13. Turner, R., 2012. International Journal of Project Management, Editorial January 2012.International Journal of Project Management,30(1), p.1. Well, E., First, F., it Out, W. and Training, C.B., 2012. Multidisciplinary team management leads to better outcomes.Cancer Nursing Practice,11(6).

JFK His Life And Legacy Essays (1967 words) - Kennedy Family

JFK: His Life and Legacy On November 22, 1963, while being driven through the streets of Dallas, Texas, in his open car, President John F. Kennedy was shot dead, apparently by the lone gunman, Lee Harvey Oswald. The world had not only lost a common man, but a great leader of men. From his heroic actions in World War II to his presidency, making the decisions to avert possible nuclear conflict with world superpowers, greatness can be seen. Kennedy also found the time to author several best-selling novels from his experiences . His symbolic figure represented all the charm, vigor and optimism of youth as he led a nation into a new era of prosperity. From his birth into the powerful and influential Kennedy clan, much was to be expected of him. Kennedy was born on May 29,1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts. His father, Joe, Sr., was a successful businessman with many political connections. Appointed by President Roosevelt, Joe, Sr., was given the chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission and later the prestigious position of United States ambassador to Great Britain(Anderson 98). His mother, Rose, was a loving housewife and took young John on frequent trips around historic Boston learning about American revolutionary history. Both parents impressed on their children that their country had been good to the Kennedys. Whatever benefits the family received from the country they were told, must be returned by performing some service for the country(Anderson 12). The Kennedy clan included Joe, Jr., Bobby, Ted and their sisters, Eunice, Jean, Patricia, Rosemary, and Kathleen. Joe, Jr., was a significant figure in young John's life as he was the figure for most of John's admiration. His older brother was much bigger and stronger than John and took it upon himself to be John's coach and protector. John's childhood was full of sports, fun and activity. This all ended when John grew old enough to leave for school. At the age of thirteen, John left home to attend an away school for the first time. Canterbury School, a boarding school in New Milford, Connecticut and Choate Preparatory in Wallingford, Connecticut completed his elementary education("JFK" 98). John graduated in 1934 and was promised a trip to London as a graduation gift. Soon after, John became ill with jaundice and would have to go to the hospital. He spent the rest of the summer trying to recover. He was not entirely well when he started Princeton, several weeks later in the fall of 1935. Around Christmas the jaundice returned and John had to drop out of school. Before the next school year began, he told his father he wanted to go to Harvard("JFK" 98). On campus, young people took interest in politics, social changes, and events in Europe. The United States was pulling out of the Great Depression. Hitler's Nazi Germany followed aggressive territorial expansion in Europe. It was at this time that John first became aware of the vast social and economic differences in the United States. In June 1940, John graduated cum laude(with praise or distinction) from Harvard. His thesis earned a magna cum laude(great praise)( "JFK" 98). After graduation, John began to send his paper to publishers, and it was accepted on his second try. Wilfrid Funk published it under the title Why England Slept. It became a bestseller. John, at twenty-five, became a literary sensation. In the spring of 1941, both John and Joe, Jr., decided to enroll in the armed services. Joe was accepted as a naval air cadet but John was turned down by both the army and navy because of his back trouble and history of illness("JFK" 98). After months of training and conditioning, John reapplied and on September 19, John was accepted into the navy as a desk clerk in Washington. He was disgusted and applied for a transfer. In June 1941, Kennedy was sent to Naval Officers Training School at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois and then for additional training at the Motor Torpedo Boat Center at Melville, Rhode Island. In late April 1943, Lieutenant John F. Kennedy was put in command of a PT 109, a fast, light, attack craft in the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific. Kennedy saw action in the form of night patrols and participated in enemy bombings. On August 1, 1943, during a routine night patrol, a Japanese destroyer collided in the darkness with Kennedy's craft and the PT 109 was sunk. Through superhuman effort, the injured Kennedy heroically swam back and forth rescuing his wounded crew. Two were killed in the crash. The injury had once again

Essay Writing - Writing Medical School Secondary Essay Samples

Essay Writing - Writing Medical School Secondary Essay SamplesOne of the common mistakes people make when writing a medical school secondary essay is that they don't write about the specific course. Many applicants seem to think that the application is an introduction to the school, rather than a portfolio of all the things they did during their college education. This article will outline some of the most effective tips for writing a curriculum based essay and how to write a primary and secondary essay.Primary - Situational. Since many medical schools are in rural areas, the requirements for admissions may vary somewhat from school to school. It is important to note the requirements for admission. If the application does not list the specific requirements for the medical school, ask the admissions counselor if he or she can recommend another school. However, the application should list general requirements such as being in good academic standing and a GPA above 2.0.Secondary - Gener al. While this category may seem to be the most general, it is also the one that requires the most skill. Try to capture the school in a topic that covers the breadth of the school. To do this, use the theme that is the heart of the school. If the application does not list this theme, use one of the other themes.Themes should be thought out and clear in the primary essay. On the other hand, in the secondary, you have more freedom with how to structure your essay. By using the 'theme' in the second half of the essay, you are able to explore and share your experiences in a manner that will be both interesting and honest. For example, if the admissions office did not specify which doctor's group was the most popular, try to outline your experience.This also allows you to show that you are well-rounded and that you have had a long experience in the world of medicine. You can make a case that you were able to hone your skills in a specific area before moving on to other areas, such as tr anslational medicine or something like that. Doing research can also be a way to show that you have experience outside of the world of medicine, like working in academia.Secondary should be a place where you highlight your experience as a person who took a long look at the world and thought of how the best practices could be applied in different fields. For example, if you specialize in the field of nutrition, ask yourself how you can use your experience to apply for a fellowship at the world-renowned National Institutes of Health or perhaps one of the other top research universities in the country.Medical school secondary essay's samples can be found online and through one of the many essay samples services. If you are interested in writing a comprehensive application for admission, this may be a good step towards that goal.

Essay on Open Source Software The WritePass Journal

Essay on Open Source Software Introduction: Essay on Open Source Software Introduction:Beginnings:Motivations:Advantages:Conclusion:Introduction:Suggested solutions:Motivations:Green IT approach:References:Related Introduction: The concept of open source affects many fields of study from computer software and hardware to architecture, health, science, robotics and even politics. Linus Torvalds predicted this proliferation of source openness when he said: the future is open source everything. But another founder of open source movement, Eric Raymond, refused the using of this concept about applications outside software (Wikipedia, 2009). Free/open source software (F/OSS) is accessible software where end source code is available for the user. It is not limited to software as applicable ones, it exceeds to allow beneficial to read, modify and recreate the source code (V. Hippel, V. Krogh, 2003). So F/OSS is usually provides users with source code and information needed to apply their changes on them. The ability to run the program as the user wishes is one of the essential freedoms which Richard Stallman, the founder of free software and defender of open source, was confirmed in an interview. These freedoms are: the freedom to study how these software works, the freedom to change it according to projects requirements, the freedom to redistribute it and the freedom to distribute your modified copy to others (Reilly 2008). In Raymond opinion good programmers know how to write, great ones know what to rewrite, and he illustrated that it is almost easier to use an already existing solution to start with than to start from nothing at all. But this involves developer in difficult-to-be-solved problems if choice is not suitable. Linux operating system was not written from scratch where Linus Torvalds started by studying ideas from Minix a tiny Unix-like OS and then reused it according to projects purposes (Raymond, 1999) Beginnings: It was a big surprise for those who used to pay for software to be told that groups of volunteers create high quality software and produce it to the community for free. The idea of FOSS began in 1960s. In this decade commercial software was not available and researchers were in need to share software code. As a result, they started to share source code in a limited framework. Open sharing of software code was a common practice in the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in the early 1960s and in similar laboratories such as Stanford and Carnegie Mellon (Moon Sproull 2002). After that developers and users gave the idea more attention. Consequently, foundations of free software have been established in 1980s when Stallman called for free software and claimed that software should be common. In an interview, Stallman confirmed that computer users could not use the proprietary software come with most computers in the 1980s. So, such software keeps users divided and helpless. Stallman was dissatisfied with that situation and he started the free software movement in 1993 when he wrote the GNU open source operating system (M. Reilly, 2008). The general public license of GNU operating system allows users receive all their rights in essential freedoms mentioned above. In 2005 the idea achieved its goals in software filed and became more trusted by users and developers (Raymond 1999). Wikipedia is a known example of F/OSS. It is a free encyclopedia started in the beginnings of 2001 by means of highly qualified contributors. It provides 19 free encyclopedias in 19 different languages and its content has been created by user contributions. Many other examples like Apache web server, BIND name server and Linux operating system kernel are free for any user to use, amend and share. Motivations: The motivations of Stallman to produce free software are his strong belief in freedom, particularly the freedom for individuals to cooperate (2003). But what are the incentives other developers have to become contributors in open source projects? In other words, why do programmers volunteer their time and experience without any financial returns to create free software? Raymond is one of the first GNU contributors, a developer of many net open source software and a significant participant in Linux operating system development. He indicated that Linux project was going from strength to strength and the reason was the bazaar model of the Linux development style in which all contributors worked hard as at individual projects. He added that the democratic atmosphere in bazaar model motivated him and his partners to work hard regardless of financial returns (Raymond 1999). The Linux creator, Linus Trovalds, says: I am basically a very lazy person who likes to get credit for things other people actually do (Raymond 1999). Torvalds , as he stated in his book Just For Fun, has an early interest in computing, he does not seem to take himself too seriously, he is a lucky guy who can provide a career for himself, and he finds a lot of fun when he writes software code. It is surprising that hackers are also a significant motivating factor; they lead developers to impress their peers, gain a better reputation and raise their ranks in society (Zaleski et al. 2001). Wikipedia showed, in a study made up by Wikipedia administrators, that the reason for their participants to be a part in such free work is the desire to create a benefit thing that helps others and meets their requirements (Wikipedia 2010). While the basic motivations for corporation in learners open source community are learning specific topics, learning how to be future learners and projects creating. Advantages: Software is characterized by many factors: Its cost, where the lower price is more preferred and thus free is the most. Voluntary work, where volunteers are motivated towards the project and they are interested in, which means that they do their best. Continuously tested by all participant and users, hence it is almost free of bugs and errors. These factors refer that open source software is likely to be the best solution for any project if needed features are provided. Besides, developers have created it according to own needs which means that it is in a high level of quality and efficiency. F/OSS has many advantages related to development cost and time, bug correction and independency. Time and cost are essential factors in software development and they can be exploited by using of OSS which reduces the number of programmers employer has to pay himself, provides a ready tested code from other projects and thus reduces the time it takes to build, test and develop. Besides that creating software by many developers, each has revised and corrected its errors and each has a different background, leads to less bugs and faster detection and correction. Linus law refers to this idea Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow (Answers.com, 2009). Openness of source code provides communication paths and interactive communities. F/OSS community in schools consists of researchers, learners and teachers; each listens to others and respects their opinions. It is expected in this style of community to switch roles among its members, where students may be assigned particular roles to take on for the studied project. So they can share their ideas in all projects aspects. On the other hand, sense of control is uncommon in most classrooms, so one of learners communitys advantages is to prepare students for future life by involving them in the experiment of leadership (H. Baytiyeh, J. Pfaffman, 2010). Another advantage for open source software, which Zaleski stated in his article, that open source innovation was the reason for Linux operating system to move quickly from being an ambiguous operating system used by programmers and hackers to an essential operating system in business area (2001). On the other hand, open source technology resolved the problem of knowledge transfer in developing countries. Direct import of software not only costs these countries high amounts of money, but also puts them in complex troubles where they do not know how to develop this software to meet the local needs (Alkhatib 2008). Why do some organizations still buy commercial software instead of using free ones? The voluntary of open source projects and the relative lake of financial support make them far from marketing and advertising. This means that many organizations have not been informed that free solutions relevant to their needs are available freely. This knowledge gap cause many other barriers. Some managers do not know how to implement and use open source applications and they may be unaware of the range of services provided with such applications like support services and consultations. To cover this knowledge gap, an up to date archive of open source applications is available in SourceForge.net website. This website consists of more than 131,000 open source applications with their latest software updates where the accessibility is allowed for any organization to find suitable free software according to its requirements. Further, assistance with the technical issues of open source applications implementation is available by many open source consultants like IBM, Red Hat, and Open Sky Consulting. Forking is another reason for not using F/OSS. The independency between open source software developers groups leads to different versions of same software. Although these versions started with the same source code, they are not able to interoperate because these groups create their own versions without coordination. This phenomenon is called forking and it is the responsible for open source software fragmenting. As a result, the open source BSD-Unix community was divided into three portions in early 1990s, and Emacs text editor and NCSA web server are other examples where both forked into two divisions in 1992 and 2995 respectively. In Nagys opinion, forking is dangerous because it causes inherited fragmentation for both of the original software adopters and marketing of relative applications. Many versions of one software leads adopters to choose one to support, consequently, software will not gain the critical mass of adopters it aims to do. On the other hand, venders will be put in a point of choosing to support one of forked versions or all of them in their own applications. In this case, some adopters and vendors decide to wait for a standard version or to stall their adoption and supporting (NAGY et al. 2010). Conclusion: No one can predict the future of software, but developers can expect that open source software will be stronger and gain increased faith from traditional software industry. Historically, one can recognize the discontinuities appeared between IBM System in the 1960s, first PC in the end of 1970s and the open source movement in the 1990s. So it is expected that this technology gap will take place in the next 10-15 years for a new software innovation (Campbell-Kelly 2008) Green IT Introduction: IT has brought many significant solutions for environmental sustainability, but at the same time, it caused a lot of problems especially in data centers where energy is consumed enormously (Murugesan 2010) Hopper, a professor of computer technology at the University of Cambridge and head of its Computer Laboratory, claimed that the system we now employ is hugely wasteful and he proposed to create new systems which are more efficient, less expensive and help in reducing energy consumptions; because he believed that moving data is cheaper than energy (Kurp 2008) Computers impact environment from the first stage of producing to the last stage of disposal. Moreover, increased consumption of energy leads to more greenhouse gas emissions because the main source of energy is coil, oil or gas burning (Murugesan 2010) Since environmental problems come from each stage of computers life, green IT must covers all of these areas, from designing to manufacturing and use end with disposal. In the article Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices, San Murugesan defines green computing as the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems -such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems- efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment. (Murugesan 2008) Suggested solutions: Dell and Hewlett-Packard are two computer manufacturers. They decided to solve the problem by retooling their products. On the other hand, the solution from the standpoint of David Wang, the data center architect for Teradata, is not to replace all old computers by others which are more environments friendly. He confirmed that attention must be drawn to increasing power consumption as well as to heat removal in data centers (Kurp 2008). Murugesan has illustrated areas and activities which are involved in green IT solutions as the following:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Environmental friendly designing;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Energy-efficient computing;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Power management;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Location and architecture of data centers;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Server virtualization which has been explained before;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Responsible disposal and recycling;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regulatory compliance;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Green metrics, assessment tools and methodology;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Environment-related risk reducing;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Use of renewable energy sources; and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eco-labeling of IT products (2008). Other solutions have been produced by Hasbrouck and Woodruff. They suggested two strategies for green computing: Reduce computing technologys contribution to the problem by producing energy-efficient computers, take reusability into account during computers designing, use less materials and work toward computers and related systems recycling. Moreover, they indicated that truing off inactive computers, using energy-efficient devices and reduction of emissions emitted from computers manufacturing are significant parts of this strategy. Give computing a role in resolving the issue by creating green applications which enable design green objects and green processes such as design green buildings, invent source of renewable energy and design fuel-efficient aircraft (2008). Most efforts in green IT are directed towards the first strategy to solve environmental problems which have increased along with computers using increase. As a result of these problems caused by computers, many associations are turning to green computing to save money and reduce waste. To do so, Dick Sullivan listed five major trends: Virtualization in all forms especially for servers, storage and network environments. In other words, transform entire machines into software-based entities. For instance, a room with five servers can be replaced by an efficient server provided with high performance software. Utilize the cloud computing where no need to have own data centers, own big servers or storage systems. Many organizations need only a small amount of proprietary equipment and functionality. In this case, they can basically purchase what they need from someone else who will be responsible for the security, power and maintenance. Sullivan confirmed that a huge amount of data is basically an exact duplicate of other data, so converting to intelligent compression or single instance storage can eliminate this waste and cut the total data storage needed. Solid-state disk (SSD) has no moving parts and is not magnetic, so it is a stronger, safer and faster way to store and access data. Everyone can make impact and be a part of green computing project when s/he has more awareness of her/his direct and indirect daily computing habits. Employees, for example, can support green computing if they use to turn off computers not in use, banning screen savers and shorten the turn-off times when computers are inactive. On the other hand, printing waste a lot of papers, so managing this daily process by printing only as needed and adopting double sided printing will make a significant impact (Clarke 2009) Many efforts have been made to support the idea of green IT. Climate Savers Computing Initiative (CSCI) is one of these efforts. It seeks to reduce electric power consumption of PCs and it has established a catalogue of green products from organizations involved with, in addition to helpful information about reducing PC energy consumption. This initiative is a group of consumers, businesses and conservation organizations formed in 2007, it has gained brilliant results where 50 percent of energy consumed by computers was economized by 2010, and it was able to reduce global CO2 emissions from the operation of computers by 54 million tons a year (Wikipedia 2010). Motivations: To enforce computer users to subject to green IT solutions and apply them on their daily routines, government can face them with more green taxis and rules. But it is better, in my opinion, to raise people awareness toward the danger that threatens the Earth if they continue using traditional computers in traditional methods, and to teach them the benefits of green IT. Applying green IT issues in all affected areas offers individuals and organizations financial benefits where IT operations achieve better energy efficiency through green initiatives. In a survey made by Sun Microsystem Australia, 1500 responses have been collected from 758 different-size organizations. Almost of these responses illustrated that the main reasons for using green IT practices are reducing energy consumption and get lower costs. As a result, most companies started to prioritize environmental issues. Moreover, institutions and corporate ask their suppliers to take into account how to green up their products and manufacturing processes. Not only companies but also people began to adhere to environmentally friendly issues of IT (Murugesan 2008). Green IT approach: As it has mentioned above that environmental problems caused by computing should be addressed by a holistic approach which include solutions for all areas affected by using computers. This approach, as it has been explained by Murugesan, consists of four concepts: Green use that aims to reduce energy consumption and use computers in an environmentally friendly manner. Green disposal where computers, related system like printers and electronic equipments should be reused, refurbished or recycled. Green design where new computers, servers and cooling devices can be designed to be more energy efficient. Green manufacturing which aims to adopt the process of computers and sub-systems creating that minimize or get rid of its impact on the environment (2008) References: 2003. Richard Stallman: FreedomHis Passion Both For Work And In Life. Electronic Design, 51(23), 112. Answers.com, what are the advantages and disadvantages of open source software and why?, [Internet]. Available from: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_ disadvantages_of _open _source_software_and_why, [Accessed 30th November 2010] Campbell-Kelly, M., 2008. Historical Reflecions Will the Future of Software be Open Source? Communications of the ACM, 51(10), 21-23. Clarke, K., 2009. Green computing trends you should know. Associations Now, 5(8), 19. Hasbrouck, J. Woodruff, A., 2008. Green Homeowners as Lead Adopters: Sustainable Living and Green Computing. Intel Technology Journal, 12(1), 39-48. Kurp, P., 2008. Green Computing. Communications of the ACM, 51(10), 11-13. Michael Bloch, Open source software in your online business -advantages/ disadvantages, 1999-2010 Moon, J.Y. Sproull, L., 2002. Essence of distributed work: The case of the Linux kernel. In P. Hinds S. Kiesler, eds. Distributed work.   Cambridge, MA US: MIT Press, pp. 381-404. Murugesan. S., 2008, â€Å"Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices,† IEEE IT Professional, January–February 2008, pp 24-33. Murugesan, S., 2010. Making IT Green. IEEE Computer Society, Vol. 12, No. 2. NAGY, D., YASSIN, A.M. BHATTACHERJEE, A., 2010. Organizational Adoption of Open Source Software: Barriers and Remedies. Communications of the ACM, 53(3), 148-151. Raymond, E., 1999. The Cathedral and the Bazaar. Knowledge, Technology Policy, 12(3), 23. Reilly, M., 2008. Interview: Richard Stallman, one of the founders of free software. Vidyasagar Potdar and Elizabeth Chang (2004) Open source and closed source software development methodologies. Proc.of the 4th Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering, pages 105-109, Edinburgh, Scotland, May 25 2004. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia (2001) Open source [Internet]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source, [Accessed 4th November 2010] Zaleski, J. et al., 2001. JUST FOR FUN (Book Review). Publishers Weekly, 248(17), 60.

Lieutenant General Nelson Miles in the Indian Wars

Lieutenant General Nelson Miles in the Indian Wars Nelson Appleton Miles was born August 8, 1839, at Westminster, MA. Raised on his familys farm, he was educated locally and later obtained employment at a crockery store in Boston. Interested in military matters, Miles read widely on the subject and attended night school to increase his knowledge. In the period before the Civil War, he worked with a retired French officer who taught him drill and other military principles. Following the outbreak of hostilities in 1861, Mile quickly moved to join the Union Army. Climbing the Ranks On September 9, 1861, Miles was commissioned as a first lieutenant in the 22nd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Serving on the staff of Brigadier General Oliver O. Howard, Miles first saw combat at the Battle of Seven Pines on May 31, 1862. In the course of the fighting, both men were wounded with Howard losing an arm. Recovering, Miles was promoted to lieutenant colonel for his bravery and assigned to the 61st New York. That September, the regiments commander, Colonel Francis Barlow, was wounded during the Battle of Antietam and Miles led the unit through the rest of the days fighting. For his performance, Miles was promoted to colonel and assumed permanent command of the regiment. In this role he led it during the Union defeats at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville in December 1862 and May 1863. In the latter engagement, Miles was badly wounded and later received the Medal of Honor for his actions (awarded 1892). Due to his injuries, Miles missed the Battle of Gettysburg in early July. Recovering from his wounds, Miles returned to the Army of the Potomac and was given command of a brigade in Major General Winfield S. Hancocks II Corps. Becoming a General Leading his men during the Battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House, Miles continued to perform well and was promoted to brigadier general on May 12, 1864. Retaining his brigade, Miles took part in the remaining engagements of Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grants Overland Campaign including Cold Harbor and Petersburg. Following the Confederate collapse in April 1865, Miles took part in the final campaign which concluded with the Surrender at Appomattox. With the end of the war, Miles was promoted to major general in October (at age 26) and given command of II Corps. Postwar Overseeing Fortress Monroe, Miles was tasked with the imprisonment of President Jefferson Davis. Chastised for keeping the Confederate leader in chains, he had to defend himself from accusations that he was mistreating Davis. With the reduction of the US Army after the war, Miles was ensured of receiving a regular commission due to his sterling combat record. Already known as vain and ambitious, Miles sought to bring high-level influence to bear with the hope of retaining his generals stars. Though a skilled influence peddler, he failed in his goal and instead was offered a colonels commission in July 1866. Indian Wars Grudgingly accepting, this commission represented a higher rank than many of contemporaries with West Point connections and similar combat records received. Seeking to enhance his network, Miles married Mary Hoyt Sherman, niece of Major General William T. Sherman, in 1868. Taking command of the 37th Infantry Regiment, he saw duty on the frontier. In 1869, he received command of the 5th Infantry Regiment when the 37th and 5th were consolidated. Operating on the Southern Plains, Miles took part in several campaigns against the Native Americans in the region. In 1874-1875, he aided in directing US forces to victory in the Red River War with the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho. In October 1876, Miles was ordered north to oversee US Army operations against the Lakota Sioux following Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custers defeat at the Little Bighorn. Operating from Fort Keogh, Miles relentlessly campaigned through the winter forcing many of the Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne to surrender or flee to Canada. In late 1877, his men forced the surrender of Chief Josephs band of Nez Perce. In 1880, Miles was promoted to brigadier general and given command of the Department of the Columbia. Remaining in this position for five years, he briefly led the Department of the Missouri until being directed to take over the hunt for Geronimo in 1886. Abandoning the use of Apache scouts, Miles command tracked Geronimo through the Sierra Madre Mountains and ultimately marched over 3,000 miles before Lieutenant Charles Gatewood negotiated his surrender. Eager to claim credit, Miles failed to mention Gatewoods efforts and transferred him to the Dakota Territory. During his campaigns against the Native Americans, Miles pioneered the use of the heliograph for signaling troops and constructed heliograph lines over 100 miles long. Promoted to major general in April 1890, he was compelled to put down the Ghost Dance movement which had led to increased resistance among the Lakota. In the course of the campaign, Sitting Bull was killed and US troops killed and wounded around 200 Lakota, including women and children, at Wounded Knee. Learning of the action, Miles later criticized Colonel James W. Forsyths decisions at Wounded Knee. Spanish-American War In 1894, while commanding the Department of the Missouri, Miles oversaw the US troops that aided in putting down the Pullman Strike riots. Late that year, he was ordered to take command of the Department of the East with headquarters in New York City. His tenure proved brief as he became the Commanding General of the US Army the following year following the retirement of Lieutenant General John Schofield. Miles remained in this position during the Spanish-American War in 1898. With the outbreak of hostilities, Miles began advocating for an attack on Puerto Rico prior to an invasion of Cuba. He also argued that any offensive should wait until the US Army was properly equipped and be timed to avoid the worst of yellow fever season in the Caribbean. Hampered by his reputation for being difficult and clashing with President William McKinley, who sought quick results, Miles was rapidly sidelined and prevented from playing an active role in the campaign in Cuba. Instead, he observed US troops in Cuba before being permitted to conduct a campaign in Puerto Rico in July-August 1898. Establishing a foothold on the island, his troops were advancing when the war ended. For his efforts, he was promoted to lieutenant general in 1901. Later Life Later that year, he earned the ire of President Theodore Roosevelt, who referred to the vain general as a brave peacock, for taking sides in an argument between Admiral George Dewey and Rear Admiral Winfield Scott Schley as well as criticizing American policy regarding the Philippines. He also worked to block reform of the War Department which would have seen the position of Commanding General transformed into a Chief of Staff. Reaching the mandatory retirement age of 64 in 1903, Miles left the US Army. As Miles had alienated his superiors, Roosevelt did not send the customary congratulatory message and the Secretary of War did not attend his retirement ceremony. Retiring to Washington, DC, Miles repeatedly offered his services during World War I but was politely declined by President Woodrow Wilson. One of the most famous soldiers of his day, Miles died May 15, 1925, while taking his grandchildren to the circus. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery with President Calvin Coolidge in attendance. Selected Sources NNDB: Nelson A. MilesArlington Cemetery: Nelson A. MilesLibrary of Congress: Nelson A. Miles