Types of authoritative literature and the literature Essay Example

Types of authoritative literature and the literature Paper FASB standards codification contains authoritative U.S. GAAP literature. US. GAAP level 1 Codification and all SEC rules and interpretative releases. While the Codification applies to all entities that report under US GAAP, SEC materials only apply to publicly-traded registrants. US. GAAP level 2 Authoritative rules and principles for similar transactions. US. GAAP level 3 Other material such as FASB Concepts Statements, IFRS, industry practice and textbooks. IFRS LEVEL 1 IFRS standards and interpretations that specifically apply to a transaction, event, or condition. IFRS LEVEL 2 Authoritative rules from IFRS for similar and related transactions. IFRS LEVEL 3 The conceptual Framework definitions, recognition criteria, and measurement concepts for assets. liabilities, income and expenses. IFRS LEVEL 4 Recent pronouncements of other standard-setting bodies that use a similar Conceptual Framework to develop accounting standards, other accounting literature, and accepted industry practices to the extent that they do not conflict with the sources in Levels 1 and 2.

Data Analysis Skills For Economics And Accountancy Economics Essay Example

Data Analysis Skills For Economics And Accountancy Economics Essay Example Data Analysis Skills For Economics And Accountancy Economics Essay Data Analysis Skills For Economics And Accountancy Economics Essay rising prices besides goes up by 0.2697 % , bespeaking the positive correlativity between the 2 sets of informations. However, there are some little anomalousnesss shown on the graph. For illustration, some points of the graph show that as the money supply is increasing, rising prices is falling. B.3 This chart shows the relationship between the unemployment rate and rising prices over the last 20 old ages. Here you can see that over this period rising prices by and large falls as unemployment is lifting. However, this is non the instance for the full graph. Between 4 and 6 % unemployment, rising prices is lifting as unemployment additions even though the theory of the Philips curve indicates an opposite relationship between these variables. However, the correlativity for this information which equates to 0.10615719 indicates that there is a really weak positive relationship between these variables which conflicts with the opposite relationship. This weak positive relationship is besides shown by the arrested development line, which shows that for every 1 % rise in unemployment, rising prices rises by 0.0941 % . Economic Analysis of the Data for Part B3. ( Fig. 1 ) Alban W. Philips was the laminitis of the Philips curve ( Fig. 1 ) after transporting out research into the relationship between unemployment and rising prices. This involved him analyzing 95 old ages of economic informations ( from 1862-1957 ) sing rising prices and unemployment rates in the UK. After analyzing the information, he noticed that by stand foring it on a curve there was an reverse relationship between rising prices and unemployment. The Phillips Curve ( Bized, 2010 ) The theory behind the curve suggested that as the rate of rising prices rose, the rate of unemployment fell and frailty versa. This can be explained by utilizing the construct of AD and AS. If, for illustration, the economic system was sing strong growing due to rises in consumer disbursement, this would do rightward displacements of the aggregative demand curve. At the same clip this would intend falling degrees of unemployment. However, the rises in AD will besides do inflationary force per unit areas due to decreasing trim capacity in the economic system. If trim capacity is get downing to cut down, this is as consequence of extra demand in the markets which causes a rise in costs of production. If we look back at the graph demoing the relationship between these two variables, we can see that as the rate of unemployment rises from 2-4 % and from 6-10 % , the rate of rising prices falls. Therefore, for these peculiar parts of the graph we can see that it supports the theory of the Philips curve. However, the Philips curve was criticised in the late 1970 s early 1980 s by Milton Friedman when the UK experienced Stagflation i.e. lifting rising prices and unemployment, due to the immense rises in oil monetary values moving as a supply-side daze. This led him to make an account for this by holding fluctuations on the original curve called Expectations-augmented Philips Curve . Friedman acknowledged the being of the short tally curve, but in the long run his position was that the curve was perpendicular and there was no trade off between rising prices and unemployment. He believed additions in aggregative demand reduced unemployment and increased rising prices, as the curve suggests, but would merely hold an consequence on occupations in the short term. This can be explained from the undermentioned diagram: ( Fig. 2 ) Expectations-Augmented Phillips Curve ( Bized, 2010 ) From figure 2, you can see that if an economic system began at point U with rising prices at 0 % and unemployment being excessively high, the province may make up ones mind to increase demand by 5 % to cut down unemployment. This is illustrated by a motion along the curve to indicate V . However, after the addition in demand, there are likely to be deficits ensuing in increased monetary values. As monetary values rise, more people seek higher rewards ; there-by increasing the costs for houses and as a consequence the sum supply curve would switch left. As a consequence of their increased costs, houses will look to keep their net income borders by puting off workers, increasing unemployment. The economic system would so travel back to an unemployment degree of W . This indicates that unemployment can lift along with rising prices when cost push rising prices occurs. If we look back at the graph between the two variables, we can see that as unemployment rises from 4-6 % , rising prices is lifting with along with it. Therefore, we can see that some of the informations findings for the last 20 old ages struggle with the theory of the Philips curve. In decision, we can see that over this period, the information has by and large supported the theory of the Philips curve. However, some parts of the informations besides majorly struggle with the theory. This was shown during the 1970s-80 s when the UK experient Stagflation due to the Oil supply side dazes. Mentions Bized ( 2010 ) Monetary Policy Inflation Causes Theory 4 Phillips Curve is unemployment inflated? [ online ] available from A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bized.co.uk/virtual/bank/economics/mpol/inflation/causes/theories4.htm A ; gt ; Ruttenberg, L. , Tregarthen, T. ( 2009 ) Principle of Macroeconomics. New York: Flat World Knowledge Smith, L. ( n.d ) Examining the Philips Curve . [ on-line ] available from A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/08/phillips-curve.asp A ; gt ; Tutor2u ( n.d ) A2 Macroeconomics/International Economy The Phillips Curve [ online ] available from A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/a2-macro-phillips-curve.html A ; gt ; For this piece of work I have used the CU s Harvard Reference Style

Completed Suicide

Completed Suicide â€Å"Completed Suicide â€Å"Completed Suicide By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about the use of a new way of referring to suicide: I came across completed suicide repeatedly in an article by the Mental Health of America Board of directors that used this phrase repeatedly in their petition to have President Obama send letters of condolence to family of service members that have committed suicide.   Is completed suicide correct? I have heard of committed suicide and attempted suicide, but not completed suicide. Whats your take?    My take is that, outside its valid use in medical literature, the expression completed suicide is being used as a euphemism by people who feel there’s more of a stigma attached to saying that someone â€Å"committed suicide.† In a post at Common Sense Journalism, Doug Fisher says that he asked several copy editors what they thought of the term and found that â€Å"the reaction was almost uniformly negative† regarding its use. His post includes a comment by Pam Wood, chief copy editor of the American Medical News, in which she explains the medical use of the term. In a non-technical context, â€Å"completed suicide† is redundant. Suicide is a word like murder; the single word says it all. There can be nothing incomplete about a suicide. It is an accomplished act. One can speak of â€Å"a failed suicide attempt.† Once the act has been committed, it’s a suicide. Trying to soften the anguish of a family member who has lost a child or spouse to suicide is understandable. Support groups can be excused for using the term â€Å"completed suicide† if they think that it will make their members feel better. Professional journalists probably ought to go ahead and say that someone has committed suicide. Besides, over time, euphemisms have a way of becoming just as harsh as the original expression. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 126 Feel-Good Words90 Verbs Starting with â€Å"Ex-†

Demand Media Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Demand Media - Case Study Example Technologies like mobile apps have hit the market and have been a challenge to Demand Media. This can be reversed when those opportunities are used to create mobile apps. Their websites were created with an aim of performing a specific task or for a specific audience. Apps are, however, replicating these ideas. Demand Media can come up with algorithms and deice the mobile applications. (Chang1; 7) Sales and marketing is one area that is more promising. Analysis indicates that income levels increased from 15,400,000 to 24,400,000 from 2008 to 2010. (Chang 13)Most of the companies are using their websites to offer their services and even sell their products. For instance, chron.com will provide customers with tips on creating business plans and usatoday.com will offer travelling tips (Chang14-15). Social websites have received a lot of traffic recently, according to a survey by Demand Media, yahoo and Google sites are among the top websites that receive highest number of unique visitors per month (A.Chang, 2015, pg. 12). If this numbers continue to grow at the same rate, then it means that demand media will have a more promising

Evaluate Unilever's financial strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Evaluate Unilever's financial strategy - Essay Example Then the sources of Finance is analysed using Modigliani-Miller Theorem and it reveals that the debt to equity position of the organization is good and has significant impact on its market value. However, the cash position of the company is not stable and requires attention from the management. The Dividend policy of the organization is healthy and looks at wealth maximization of the shareholders. The managers are concerned about the dividend return and regularly review the dividend policies. Moreover, the economic condition is quite unstable and a sluggish growth is expected. In this regards it is recommended that the organization should give attention towards their cash position and should enhance other activities through which their profitability can be enhanced. The organization is also suggested to maintain healthy debt equity ratio, having higher debt may negatively impact their firm value. Introduction The Unilever Group started their operations in 1885 but was not established until 1930 when the business actually joined forces to create the well established business prior to the start of 20th century. The corporate vision of the organization aims towards helping the people in order to look and feel good and get more out of their life. The organization aims to create a sustainable living place and a better future through their services and brands (Unilever, 2013a). The first priority for the organization is their consumers and then comes the employees, communities and the suppliers. The organization aims to fulfil their responsibilities by serving their customers and make their shareholders eventually rewarded. Financial strategy plays a major role in the sustainability of an organization. Financial strategy is a portfolio that includes corporate strategic plans that involves financing decision and optimum investment that helps in attaining the specified objectives. It is an area of managerial policies that determines the financial and investment decisio ns, which in turn leads to the wealth maximization of the shareholders (Hill, 2009). This paper focuses on the financial strategy of the organization and provides recommendation on the basis of that. Corporate Life Cycle The Corporate life cycle can be segregated into four stages through which an organization passes. The four stages are introduction, growth, matured and decline. The introduction stage is the point where the organization first places its product and services in the market for the customers. In this stage it starts capturing the market share. The next stage is the growth stage in which the organization with the best quality product or service is at the top of the competition. The sales increases and the organization spend money in building the brand. The demands of the consumers are at the highest point. The third stage is maturity where the organization has maximised their profit and is operating at a stable place in the market. Here the organization decides whether to withdraw their product or services from the market or to bring some innovation in them such that they remain in the market. The main focus is on the sustainability of the business. The last stage is the decline stage. At this stage the organization has already introduced their new products or next generation product. The

Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Essay Globalization – a process of integration among countries is taking place as a new trend of the world. The cooperation among individuals and groups bring back many chances as well as challenges in different fields. As students in the era of integration, it is possible for us to realize both sides of this trend. First of all, it can not be denied that students can get many advantages from globalization. Thanks to the cooperation in education, different countries share new technology that support teaching and learning with each other. Students are the objectives who can get benefits from it. They are allowed to explore new sources of knowledge through Internet and other education material such as video conferencing, tape recordings, etc. Therefore, they find that studying is not very difficult as they think, even it is more interesting. Besides, globalization promises them a much brighter future. Students have more chances to get access to new skills, for instance, presentation skill, skill to work with a team, and so on, which are very invaluable for their future career. In addition, the interaction among countries creates a huge market with a plenty of choices of jobs. Thus, the graduates have more options to choose which job is the best and the most suitable for them. Go along with many advantages, students still have to face up with other difficulties. As being mentioned above, modern method of teaching and learning are big advantages for students but they may become obstacles when they are not very suitable and it must take a very long time to get familiar. For example, in many Asian countries, among which has Viet Nam, the feature of education is teacher – centered. When this changes into learner – centered which requires much of individuals’ responsibilities. At first, students who used to depend much on their teachers get shocked and fell it difficult to study with this new method. It may be a problem. What’s more, financial problem is another one. Under the impact of globalization, there has been a trend for the budge for education to be reduced. Government has to spend money on different areas so they do not pay as much attention  as before. As a result, the financial burden is placed on students’ shoulders and their families. In conclusion, globalization as well as other phenomenon has both sides: good and bad. All the impact of this has effects on students. Students get many advantages but also disadvantages. They should be aware of this problem carefully so that they can turn challenges into chances which will support their studying as well as their future.

Software Maintenance Essay -- essays research papers

SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE Abstract A consequence of the widespread utilisation of computer based technology over the past few decades has been the emergence of vast, highly complex computer systems whose content and structure are increasingly resistant to modification and change.   However fallible such legacy systems remain, many are â€Å"mission-critical† whereby their failure may lead to the collapse of the business or industry in which they serve.   In such cases, it is ultimately not possible to decommission the system in question.   The present report investigates the nature of such systems and examines why legacy systems cause problems to Software Maintenance Managers?   This report also provides a brief overview as to how such problems can be minimised and controlled. Keywords: Legacy systems, legacy system migration, mission critical systems, re-engineering, software wrapping, software evolution. 1. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚   The literature describes legacy systems in terms of being an existing software application that is predominately within the maintenance phase of its lifecycle.   Such systems are typically old and heavily modified from their original designs by years of maintenance, usually by many different people [Moor00].   Although legacy systems are technically obsolete, having been written in assembly or early third generation languages such as COBAL Fortran and Coral, they generally represent considerable investment, and maintain significant value to their users [Benn95] [Brod95].   Ã‚  Ã‚   Legacy systems typically form the backbone of information flow within an organisation, and as such, are essential for the function of its business. Failure in these systems is likely to have serious consequences hence why legacy software is often considered of a â€Å"mission critical nature† [Benn95] [Bisb99]. As can be expected, systems of this nature pose a number of problems to the users, and to the Software Maintenance Manager responsible for the upkeep of the system.   Such problems range from the cost of maintenance to the utilisation of obsolete skills and technologies.   However, several solutions have been proposed and documented in the literature in response to, and to minimise, these problems.   Generally, they are classified under four categories: maintenance, re-development, wrapping and migration [Bisb99] [Lee97].   Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, the remainder of this report is ... ...[Lien80] B.P. Lientz & B.E. Swanson, "Software Maintenance Management", Addison - Wesley, 1980 [Merl95] E. Merlo, P-Y. Gagne, J.K. Girard, K Kontagiannis & P. Panangaden, "Re-Engineering User Interfaces" IEEE Software Jan 1995, Vol 12 No 1 [Moor00] M.M. Moore, "Using MORPH", http://www.cis.gsu.edu/~mmoore/MORPH/dissertation/approach.html, 2000 [Nose90] J.T. Nosek, & P. Prashant "Software Maintenance Management: The Change in the Last 10 Years", Journal of Software Maintenance, 1999, Vol 2 No 3 [Press01] R.S. Pressnam, "Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach" McGraw Hill, 2001 [Somm01] Sommerville, "Software Engineering", Addison - Wesley, 2001. [Weid97] N. Weiderman, L. Northrop, D.Smith, S.Tilley & K. Wallnau, "Implications of Distributed Object Technology for Re-engineering", Technical Report CMU/SEI-97-TR-005, Carnegie Mellon University, June 1997

Sociology: Deviance

†Deviance refers to any behaviour that is considered to be violating social norms or to persons that engage in such behaviour† (Adler & Adler (2009: 21). Deviance does not just occur to any form of behaviour, but we need to bear in mind the fact that behaviour or people that are deviant are only defined as deviant if and only if society views that particular behaviour as deviant (Adler & Adler (2009: 21). Deviance can either be positive, which is over conformity but is at the same time positively evaluated by the audience (Heckert, 1998: 23).There is also negative deviance, which is under conformity but on the other hand negatively evaluated, rate-busting, which refers to those individuals who under conform but are negatively evaluated by society and there is also another term referred to as deviance admiration, which is the â€Å"bad boy† image, which is under-conformity but somehow admired and positively evaluated by society or groups in society (Heckert, 1998: 2 3). Deviance has no fixed definition but instead, it is broad and has various definitions linked to the term.There are however 5 basic definitions for deviance in sociology namely, the Reactive constructionist approach, the Normative approach, Violation of rights, Absolutist approach and lastly, the Statistical approach. The reactive constructionist approach focuses on the reactions of an audience, which is society to certain behaviours. This is when behaviour is only considered deviant if it has been condemned by society. It involves publicly labelling behaviour as deviant and also followed by an equally negative reaction by the public (Dodge, 1985: 18).The normative approach on the other hand defines deviance as a â€Å"departure† or going against the set or generally accepted norms in society (Dodge, 1985: 20). Usually, the norm that has been violated is not usually put into place or is not usually in existence until a behaviour, which society reacts to, is seen as unaccep table and therefore deviant and then the norm is put into place and into existence after such occurrences.The statistical approach focuses on the behaviours that differ from average or normal experiences of society. In this case, the deviant individual or group of individuals engages in behaviour that the majority of the people do not engage in (Heckert, 1998: 25). This form of approach is mainly applied when analysing organisations. With the violation of rights approach, behaviour is considered deviant if it, in any way, violates the rights of any other individual. The individual or individuals hat are considered are labelled and they receive a negative reaction from society for their behaviour. Lastly, the absolutist approach of deviance claims that deviance resides in the very nature of an act and is wrong at all times and in all places (Heckert, 1998: 28). It does not have to depend on the environment, the reaction of the audience or the punishment and severity of the act. Princ iples of right and wrong are applied and an act is deviant once it goes against those principles.With the case of Amanda, who was heavily criticised by the public for killing her sister by stabbing her with a bread knife, the reactive constructionist theory is most applicable because according to her mother, she was just an innocent girl, who made a terrible mistake and her family did not battle forgiving her, but because the media reacted in a certain way, which was negative and the reaction eventually spread and influenced the rest of society in which they started condemning Amanda and making her life miserable, to the extent that she also condemned herself and started hating herself to the point where she believed she was evil and deserved to die. Another issue with deviance is the issue of stigma.Stigma refers to the negative gap or some form of division between the deviant individuals and the people who are not deviant or do not go against the norms of society (Goffman, 1963: 3 ). There is usually a lot of tension by the â€Å"normal† people and it is always the deviants that have to suffer and manage the tension because they are usually the minority group in the cases of deviant acts (Goffman, 1963: 7). Amanda had the stigma of a killer or brutal murderer attached to her by the public and throughout the rest of her life, had had to endure suffering at the hands of the public. She had to cope with the labelling and the gossiping that constantly surrounded her.With the issue of stigmatisation, the individuals who are suffering also have the option of managing the stigma. In Amanda’s case, the one most relevant option that she did have and fairly used was turning to stigmatised others, such as people she was imprisoned with and by turning to sympathetic others, which in this case was her mother and her friends for support and coping because there was not much she could have done such as support groups etc. because she had spent a lot of time in prison (Goffman, 1963: 14). In Amanda’s case, she has her family supporting her saying she is not at fault, in other words that her behaviour was not deviant, while on the other hand, the public viewed her behaviour as deviant.This then brings us to the question about whether there is a difference between deviance and crime. Some crimes may be thought of as deviant but not criminal and other, criminal but not deviant. The safest route to go by is simply saying that the difference separating deviance from crime is the breaking of the law, which is considered a crime or the violating of the social norm, which is deviance (Marshal and Meier, 2011: 16). Basically, people could engage in criminal behaviour, which may be accepted in a particular society, such as drinking and driving, but because it is not generally frowned upon, those people are accepted and are not considered deviant by their society.One other person on the other hand, may commit a deviant act, such as Amanda, wh o was said to have attacked her sister unintentionally, but because society rebukes such, she is considered a deviant, an outcast and is labelled and has no freedom to live her live as she pleases without people making it miserable for her. Labelling, which is closely linked to stigma, refers to the public seeing the deviants as different to anyone else and are mainly carried out by moral entrepreneurs (Marshal and Meier, 2011: 17). There are three different forms of labelling which can be taken into consideration, which is primary deviance, secondary deviance and tertiary deviance. These forms or theories of labelling come with consequences as well.In the case of primary deviance, an individual is given a label but they are not affected by such, so they basically ignore and deny the label given to them by the public (Marshal and Meier, 2011: 21). The second scenario, which is secondary deviance, individuals are given a label and so as a form of escapism, they then live up to that l abel that they have been given, such as someone being call uptight, condescending or in simpler words, a snob, then tends to try and intimidate and bring people down by all means possible (Marshal and Meier, 2011: 20). With tertiary deviance, an individual is labelled, but refuses to neither deny nor accept and instead tries and proves that there is nothing deviant about their behaviour (Marshal and Meier, 2011: 19). In Amanda’s case she was both primarily and secondarily labelled.Her family tried denying the primary labelling for her, but rather she took up secondary deviance, where she actually accepted that she was a murderer and that she deserved to die like a murderer. Moral entrepreneurs are those individuals who try to create and enforce new definitions of morality and what is deviant and what is not (Adler & Adler, 2009: 136). These new definitions that they try and enforce are mainly put in place to try and benefit them and what they believe in (Adler & Adler, 2009: 137). In many cases, if not all, there is always a number of moral entrepreneurs and not just one and they are each trying to act at their own self-interest (Adler & Adler, 2009: 137).In Amanda’s case, the main moral entrepreneurs are the society, Amanda and her own mother. Society created a label for Amanda that she carried with her and was never removed until the day that she died. Society saw her as a criminal who deserved to be punished because in that society, killing people with bread knives was not considered moral, even though they did not know the main reason or what had exactly happened. Amanda on the other hand did not see anything wrong that she had done and instead got negatively influenced by the stigma that had been attached to her and therefore saw herself as a deviant that deserved the most severe punishment possible.With Amanda’s mother, she saw her daughter as the innocent one victimised by society. She blamed society for her daughters’ misery claiming that she had not done anything wrong, even though it was evident that she had murdered her own sisters for reasons unknown, but because she did not see anything wrong with her daughters actions, she believed that she should not be punished even though murder is considered a crime and should therefore be punishable. They then in a way were seen to be a folk devil, which means that they were viewed as a threat and a bad influence to society (Dodge, 1985: 28). It is rather astonishing how Amanda’s case eventually turned out.Some people, mainly family were on her side, while the whole public was against her. Now it is a mystery as to how such situations can be explained and justified. Why would, in one society, people have different beliefs? According to the Marxist socialist theory of deviance, society is not based on consensus and shared values, but rather, it is an outcome of the continuing struggle between the social classes, the elite and the proletariat (Marshal a nd Meier, 2011: 19). In this form of society, which is mainly a capitalist society, there are individuals who exploit others and those who are exploited and therefore those who commit crime are doing those who are exploited justice (Marshal and Meier, 2011: 19).In Amanda’s case, there is no clear reason as to why the crime was committed, but her sentence was not heavy and therefore this could also be a sign as to how much influence they had on the ruling system, showing how much those who are influential can control everything in society ranging from economy to politics and laws. Amanda’s case is a clear example of what we call moral panic. Moral panic, according to Cohen (1972), cited in Victor (1998: 542), is societal response to beliefs about a threat from factors or individuals known as ‘moral deviants’. The group of individuals become defined as a threat to the values as well as the interests of that particular society and they are presented in this w ay by the mass media and other key actors (moral entrepreneurs).Society managed to foster moral panic because a widespread concern about the issue was promoted by much attention by society and basically the whole issue eventually took center stage. According to Adler & Adler (2009: 137), moral panic must be triggered by specific event at the right moment, draw attention to a specific group as a target, have provocative content revealed, and supported by formal and informal communication outlets, which in Amanda’s case happened because now her tragedy attracted much attention from society and basically caused a panic. This again just proves how deviance has no set barriers, but instead the classification of deviance has no set or particular traits, but rather, behaviour is seen as deviant only based on the social definitions that vary from society to society at different times. Society is the biggest role player in distinguishing deviant behaviour and through moral panic, they managed to exclude, label and target deviants because they have gone against what is believed to be social norms.Reference List Adler, P. and Adler, P. (2009). (6th ed). Constructions of Deviance: social power, context and interaction. Belmon, Calif: Thomson/Wadsworth. Pages 135-138; Chapter 17. Cohen, S. (1972). Folk Devils and Moral Panics. St Martin’s: New York. Dodge, D. (1985). Deviant Behaviour: The over-negativized conceptualization of deviance. Los Angeles: California. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York: United States. Heckert, D. M. (1998). Positive deviance: A classificatory model. New York: United States. Marshal, C & Meier, R. (2011). Sociology of Deviant behaviour (14th ed). Belmont: USA.

Role of Social Media on Activism and Revolution

Janessa Suarez Prof. Mooney ENC 1102 1 February 2013 Role of Social Media in Activism and Revolution According to Jeffrey Strain, â€Å"Can a click make a difference in the world? By itself, probably not, but when combined with tens and even hundreds of thousands of other clicks, it may just have an impact†. Social networks such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube have changed the way people interact all across the globe. We depend on these social networks to seek information and communicate with one another.With these social networks, people from all across the world are able to find out about any ongoing events or incidents by just a click of a button. Individuals can use these social networks to increase awareness of events and get their information across to friends, family and even strangers. Even though people believe we depend too much on the Internet, social media should be used because it benefits us and those around us. For starters, social media, such as YouTube, chan ges public awareness. It gives people a chance to view tragedies and help make a difference to those who have been affected by them.For example, there is a video called â€Å"Bully†, which is a documentary about kids all over the world who are bullied today. It’s a form of activism because through this video, which can be found on YouTube, people from all over the world can become aware of this problem and help change their and others’ behavior. As Monika Hathaway says, â€Å"The fundamental problem and benefit is that the Internet gives everyone a voice, regardless of whether or not we think it should be heard†. Watching videos can be more effective than words because as humans we grasp visual imagery better than we do words.For an audience, it’s more powerful and influential to view a shameful situation, such as bullying, rather than just hearing or reading about it. Another way social media has played an immense role in activism today is by expa nding word of mouth communication. Ben Rattray, the founder of Change. org said, â€Å"If the Internet didn’t exist, Barack Obama would not be president of the United States†. Why does he say this? Because without the Internet, Obama would not have been able to gather thousands of people to work together for change.Through Twitter and Facebook Obama was able to expose his campaign to millions of people and attract a greater number of voters. Using social media, news reporters, writers, and even your family and friends are able to write their opinions or fill you in on what may you have missed or didn’t notice about events such as the presidential debates. Social media also increases word of mouth communication because it gives others who may not know about a business or even a restaurant a chance to review information and feedback. For example, Facebook is key in communicating with clients.It gives them the opportunity to â€Å"Like† a page, â€Å"Shareà ¢â‚¬  a page, or even recommend a page to other people. Twitter can be used to sponsor deals and events and give advice to other business owners or people who share common interest. It brings great minds together and gives daily opportunities to learn from someone else’s perspective. (English, How Do You Increase Word of Mouth) Lastly, as mentioned in Rutledge’s, Four Ways Social Media is Redefining Activism, social media networks cross technologies (which means with the help of other types of technology people can exchange information) and have immediate impact that gives information urgency.Because of this, social media benefits different organizations such as Breast Cancer Awareness, Hand in Hand for Haiti, and Support our Troops. With the crossing of technologies it encourages people to take immediate action for things like fundraising, helping groups raise donations. Utilizing social media can spread the word and drive people to help. Overall, not only can indivi duals with the same interest and passion share and connect, but they can also partake in causes that can support and help one another.We are closely brought together through this electric technology, encountering people who we’d never really thought about having any interaction with. As Allison Fine, the co-author of The Networked Nonprofit says, â€Å"In every effective social change effort that you want to look at there is an inner-core of tightly bound people†. Social media not only gives us a voice but it gives us the opportunity to show others what we are capable of accomplishing and what we can do to make a difference in the world. Works Cited Hathaway, Monika. â€Å"The Role of Social Media in Activism. † Sterling Communications.Sterlingpr. com, 25 Oct. 2011. Web. 17 Feb. 2013. â€Å"How Do You Increase Word of Mouth? † 5 Star Radio Group Clarksville TN Marketing and Advertising RSS. N. p. , n. d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. Kessler, Sarah. â€Å"Mashable. † Mashable. Mashable, 9 Oct. 2010. Web. 17 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Mashable. † Mashable. N. p. , n. d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. Rutledge, Pamela B. â€Å"Four Ways Social Media Is Redefining Activism. † Psychology Today. Positively Media, 6 Oct. 2010. Web. 1 Feb. 2013. Strain, Jeffrey. â€Å"A Different Type of Activism. † Technorati Social Media. Technorati. com, 2 May 2012. Web. 17 Feb. 2013.

buy custom Graff - Pinkert Case Study essay

buy custom Graff - Pinkert Case Study essay The 70 year old family owned Graff- Pinkert Company has since its establishment been dedicated to the turned parts industry. It is an international leader in automatic screw machines, rotary transfer machine and cnc/Swiss sales, service and parts. The company began during the Second World War. At the time, Aaron Pinkerts cousin Leonard Graff took helped him to run his screw machine shop. Leonards main responsibility was to locate machines US factories required for the war effort. Graff-Pinkert was housed in an area that was formerly a pickle factory. As a measure of growth, the company has sold over 5,000 automatic screw machines across the world since 1941. The company is now located in a modern 25,000 square foot facility in Oak Forest, Illinois as compared to the 5000 square foot where it first started (Graff-Pinkert sales, 2009). Strengths and Weaknesses of the Company The way Graff-Pinkert treats their customers is a huge strength on its own that contributes towards their reliability. Very few companies across the globe can accept returning of their products due to faults. This company embraces company satisfaction to a point that a customer can return the respective product for fixing. Another of the companys strength is its diverse nature; in such a way tha they deal with various areas of the industry. As much as they can produce new products, they can also rebuild and recondition machines. Another weakness is when it comes to buying a used machine and letting it to lie in the site. This means wastage of space and resources that could have been utilized elsewhere. This company deals with various aspects of machines. Research has however shown that specialization has been one of the most important trends used in the machinery business since 1940s. Those who have had a narrow focus on a particular type of equipment have really grown. Graff-Pinkert deals with so many areas of machinery making it to miss out on the advantage of specialization. Challenges The market of used machinery is not perfect owing to the fact that there a number of determining variables. The variables include condition, age, market timing, attachments, size, technological advancement, location and manufacturer. All these factors affect the quality or rather value of the particular machine in question. Competition from other companies is also another challenge that this company has faced. The nature of used machinery companies is such that there are a few mergers. This is so because the companies are rarely sold. In the event that tthe owner passes on, and there are no heirs to take it up, the inventory is liquidated and thus the business disappears. This situation hinders the advantage of mergers which helps to realize faster growth of companies. Other competitors in this industry include Adams Machinery, Lieberstein and Muslin and Angus (Graff, 2009). Recommendations Graff-Pinkert Company should continue working on customer satisfaction. It is only through customer satisfaction that a company can expand its market share and be able to move to another level in terms of sales. When customers are satisfied, the companys image as a whole is also boosted. The company should be careful when purchasing used machines to avoid cases of useless machinery lying in the site. Idle machinery that does not have any use wastes company funds. A lot of space for both storage and expansion is also wasted when a company has idle machinery. Conclusion Graff-Pinkert Company embraces full customer satisfaction. This is an ideal virtue which helps the company entirely on major decision making actions. Customer satisfaction cultivates trust and reliability of the customers. This eventually translates into increased volumes of sales and growth of the company in general. Buy custom Graff - Pinkert Case Study essay

American Torture Techniques Against Detainees

American Torture Techniques Against Detainees The U.S. government has been accused of using torture-lite or moderate physical pressure against detainees, persons held in custody for political reasons, typically because they pose a distinct threat to the U.S. or possess information crucial to American security. In practical terms, what does this mean? Palestinian Hanging This form of torture is sometimes  referred to as Palestinian hanging due to its use by the Israeli government against Palestinians. It involves binding the prisoners hands behind his back. After fatigue sets in, the prisoner will inevitably fall forward, putting full body weight on his shoulders and impairing breathing. If the prisoner is not released,  death by crucifixion  may eventually result. Such was the fate of U.S. prisoner  Manadel al-Jamadi  in 2003. Psychological Torture The number one criterion for torture-lite is that it must leave no physical marks. Whether U.S. officials are threatening to execute a prisoners family or falsely claiming that the leader of his terror cell is dead, a steady diet of misinformation and threats can be effective.   Sensory Deprivation Its remarkably easy for prisoners to lose track of time when theyre locked up in cells. Sensory deprivation involves removing all noise and light sources as well. Guantanamo prisoners  were additionally bound, blindfolded and wore earmuffs. Whether prisoners subjected to long-term sensory deprivation can still tell fiction from reality is a matter of some debate.   Starvation and Thirst Maslows hierarchy of needs identifies basic physical needs as the most fundamental, more so than religion, political ideology or community. A prisoner may be given just enough food and water to survive. It may take as long as a week before he appears physically thinner, but his life will come to revolve around a quest for food and he may be more inclined to divulge information in exchange for food and water.   Sleep Deprivation Studies have shown that missing a nights sleep temporarily drains 10 points from a persons IQ. Consistent sleep deprivation  through harassment, exposure to bright lights and exposure to loud, jarring music and recordings can drastically impair judgment and wear down resolve.   Waterboarding Water torture is one of the oldest and most common forms of torture. It arrived in the U.S. with the first colonists and has cropped up many times since then. Waterboarding  is its latest incarnation. It  involves  a prisoner being strapped down to a board then dunked in water. Hes brought back to the surface and the process is then repeated until his interrogator secures the information being sought.   Forced Standing Most common in the 1920s, forced standing involves prisoners standing in place, often overnight. In some cases, the prisoner may face a wall, standing with his arms extended and his  fingertips touching it.   Sweatboxes Sometimes referred to as a hot box or simply as the box, the prisoner is locked up in a small, hot room which, due to lack of ventilation, essentially functions as an oven. The prisoner is released when he cooperates. Long used as a form of torture in the U.S., it is particularly effective in the arid Middle East. Sexual Assault  and Humiliation Various forms of sexual assault and humiliation documented in U.S. prison camps  as forms of torture include forced nudity, forcible smearing of menstrual blood on prisoners faces, forced lap dances, forced transvestitism and forced homosexual acts on other prisoners.

In consultation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

In consultation - Case Study Example The negotiating parties may discuss the consequences of the contract in detail before signing the final written contract. But these verbally discussed things will be legally valid only if it is included in the final written agreement. â€Å"The parol evidence rule applies to integrated contracts and provides that when parties put their agreement in writing, all prior and contemporaneous oral or written agreements merge in the writing† (Parol Evidence). In future, both the parties can deny the verbal offers made before the agreement if it is not included in the final written agreement. In the given case, Air phone Mobile service representative verbally assured Marvin that his company would take responsibility if any of its customers became sick from its phones. At the same time he refused to delete the clause included in the written agreement which states clearly that Air phone has no liability out of the sickness caused by its mobile phone use. In short, the parol evidence and written agreement are not contradictory in clauses and in future disputes the court will consider only the written agreement. FDA recommends the usage of hands free while using cell phones (West). In order to protect his employees, Marvin can ask them to use hands free along with the mobiles. Hands free allow the mobile users to keep the mobile phones in a distance from the body while making or receiving calls. Mobile phones cause health problems only when it comes closer to the body while in operation. Radiations from the mobile phones will be hyperactive when it is in use and hands free can prevent such radiations from striking our body. Marvin can also ask his employees to use text messages more frequently whenever possible. Text messages can prevent the employees from keeping the phone near to the head. Such messages can cause little damages to the employees. He can also advice his employees to bring the phone near to the ear only after the person at the other