Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Reflection - Essay Example The virtual world empowers people to shape and keep up solid relational connections. It is simpler to send texts to an individual and get quick criticism. Henceforth, through the virtual world empowers individual to interface from better places in any case the topographical separation. Virtual works are not restricted to area. Correspondence and trade of thoughts should be possible quick and adequately. Using stages, for example, Skype, people can impart face-to-face(Bainbridge, 2010). Subsequently, they can show their appearances and feelings henceforth improving relational correspondence. Also, people can communicate their thoughts in premise of comparative interests as opposed to geological areas. Through the virtual world and individual can get an individual who is keen on a specific field. Through that correspondence streams effectively from the sender to the collector. Virtual world will empower you trade thoughts in that particular field and gain from each other. Virtual world improves globalization as individuals spread thoughts and developments to each other through relational correspondence utilizing the mediums accessible in the virtual world. Most researchers consider it to be stage to secure knowledge(Jain, 2010). They can without much of a stretch trade their thoughts and expand on them as they share the information that they have. These days, the young can't maintain a strategic distance from the web. They utilize the interpersonal organization to speak with their companions all through. It is a piece of their lives. Through that they get moment criticism, and they find out about what's going on in our present society without any problem. Virtual world empowers the young to have a comprehension of what's going on the planet without any problem. Occasions are accounted for quickly they happen henceforth making the world are educated about what's going on all around the world(Bainbridge, 2010). The worldwide populace has gone to the

Napster Legality :: essays research papers

Napster and Peer-to-peer File Sharing†¦ A Crime Not According to the realities. A great many people who have been giving any consideration to the news have known about an online help called Napster. In spite of the fact that Napster may have a large number of individuals, numerous individuals have positively no clue about what Napster is, or why it is the subject of so much discussion. As of late, the music business has confronted a few problems that need to be addressed including Napster. MP3’s are the main problem behind Napster. MP3’s are a PC record design that incredibly lessens the document size of a track on a CD. Because of the minimized document of the music, they can be handily transmitted over the Internet. When the documents are put away on the computer’s hard drive they can be played the same number of times as the client might want to hear them out. To add to the disappointment of the music business, distributed record sharing administrations, as Napster, have increased colossal ubiquity over the most recent couple of years. Th e business is attempting to demonstrate that Napster is harming their business, which makes harm their business and is illicit based on copyright encroachment. If one somehow managed to investigate this issue a little more profound they would see this isn't correct. Napster and other shared systems are legitimate and are ensured under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. A distributed document sharing assistance has two primary capacities, one of which is that it gives Internet talk rooms and text administrations. It likewise permits clients to filter the hard drives of different clients to look for a MP3. Once the ideal MP3 is found the client scanning for the record can download the document straightforwardly to their own Grohs 2 computer’s hard drive. At the point when the client acquires the document, it at that point gets accessible and downloadable by different clients. As more clients download a similar document, the chances of another client finding that record extraordinarily increments, as more individuals on the system are offering it for download. This makes the spread of an individual records move quickly. The most mainstream of these administrations on the Internet is Napster. As Napster has picked up fame, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) has sued the administration guaranteeing that Napster gives a place of refuge to clients to exchange copyrighted material. The music business accepts there is a critical decline in deals because of the presence of administrations like Napster and this makes considerable harm their business.

Smoke after explosion Essay Example

Develop Good Study Habits Essay

During the previous not many years, understudies who keep up great examination propensities are getting less and less. Social exercises become more significant than remaining at home and study. Trust me; growing great propensities nowadays are hard. With all the cool new stuff around, who wouldn’t need to skip contemplating and go investigate this stuff? You may have had the propensity for â€Å"play first before pay† Students nowadays think about concentrating as problem, despite the fact that we’ve been addressed on how training is critical to us. You may have understood that it’s time to grow great investigation propensities. It’s never past the point where it is possible to grow great investigation propensities, except if obviously, you’re not concentrating any longer. Advancement requires some investment, particularly when you’re attempting to supplant an old propensity with another one, for reasons unknown, growing great examination propensities from your previous incapable investigation propensities will be considered as a recovery. When growing great examination propensities, you possess to set energy for everything. Plan a day by day plan. With all the exercises you have to do, for example, assignments and ventures, you can’t simply recall them. Keeping in touch with them down, and arranging when to do it will be the best method to recollect things. Despite the fact that you have an expertise in recalling each one of those things, destroying them every one of the one shot will just bring fair outcomes. Likewise, taking notes in class is significant, however we should consistently take notes with coherent textual style in such a case that you can’t read your notes, it’s basically futile. Notes are significant; it encourages you endure shock tests, even not all that amazing ones. On the off chance that you’re going to grow great examination propensities, you should make it a propensity for sorting out your notes, and flipping over them now and again. Another compelling activity with y our notes, is to shading code them. You can code them for each subject for instance. Likewise, remember to have a spot for them. Making a calendar additionally helps in students’ fundamental issue †dawdling. Dawdling has been the most concerning issue of secondary school understudies these days. A task will be given a month prior, yet we do it the week prior to the cutoff time which just purposes a distressing week. Similarly as I have stated, you should make it a propensity for arranging your exercises that way you realize when to get things done. Truly, school is extremely upsetting. In any case, with great examination propensities, you can endure. Albeit a few propensities may influence your wellbeing, an exceptionally normal one is keeping awake until late. Equalization is the way to everything. An adequate measure of rest should equivalent to an adequate measure of examining. In the event that one side overwhelms the other, it would just outcome to catastrophe. An excessive amount of considering is similarly as terrible as an excessive amount of play ing. We likewise need to mind our bodies. Our bodies are the Holy Spirit’s sanctuary. Therefore, we should deal with it, and abstain from manhandling it. Secondary school understudies consider their secondary school life as distressing. The truth of the matter is, it’s not so much that distressing. We just come up short on the awareness of adjusting our time. Time is everything. It cruises by, and it’s gone. Consistently that passes is God’s blessing so we should utilize it shrewdly. Growing great investigation propensities gives you astounding evaluations, yet it additionally assists with pressure the executives. With the propensity for cautiously arranging your exercises, you’ll have the option to compose your considerations without fail. I. What are acceptable investigation propensities A. Less individuals keep up them during the previous years B. It requires some investment to create II. How would we grow great investigation propensities A. You should make an every day plan a. You ought to record your exercises b. You should give time for everything B. You ought to compose your notes a. You should shading code the notes b. You ought to have a spot for them C. You have to overcome hesitation D. You have to deal with yourself III. For what reason do we have to grow great investigation propensities A. It assists with pressure the board B. It arranges your considerations C. It will respect fulfilling result †amazing evaluations.

An Alumna Takes Her Writing Consultant Experience to South America! Richmond Writing

An Alumna Takes Her Writing Consultant Experience to South America! Richmond Writing Image and story by Meghann Lewis My work as a Writing Consultant gave me the confidence to enter the world of teaching beyond the University of Richmond. In fact, “Writing Consultant” was the position that I listed first while applying for teaching jobs over this summer. After a fairly lengthy application process (finding jobs in South America while still living in the States is no easy task!), I landed a job at a small English-teaching company in Medellín, Colombia, where I will work part-time as I complete a 10-month research internship in the field of public health. I’m three weeks into my new job, and I have already applied so many tactics that I used every week in Boatwright 180. Many of my students here are just beginning to learn English, so both their speaking and writing contain quite a few errors. Although it is tempting to overcorrect these students, I make myself think back to Dr. Essid’s mantra “the Writing Center is not a fix-it shop!” I know that “fixing” each and every small spoken mistake of an A1 or A2 English language-learner doesn’t do much good. Rather, I single out repeated errors as a means of creating teaching points that will really stick with the studentâ€"that way, they can build upon their new language skills with each lesson. Additionally, working in the Writing Center with international and study abroad students (many of whom spoke Spanish as their first language) helped me build communication skills that I use with my Colombian students. Even though we don’t speak the same first language, we are able to have productive lessons, relate to one another, and have a good time. I am grateful for the skills that I gained from working at the University of Richmond Writing Center; I truly will carry them forward and continue to develop them wherever my teaching jobs take me!

Evidence of Authorial Design in William Faulkners The Sound And The Fury - Literature Essay Samples

A sense of authorial design in William Faulkners The Sound And The Fury does not make itself apparent until the second section of the book, narrated by the suicidal Quentin, although the seeds of this design are planted in the earliest pages of the novel, in the first section narrated by Benjy, in the form of hints at future events to be foreshadowed. However, we are not immediately aware of their presence or their effect until certain elements within Benjys confused narrative are resurrected, embellished, and built-upon in later sections of the story. It is only with the power of hindsight, looking back on the early parts of the narrative, that we realize this sense of design and intelligent structure was there all along.The initial evidence of this is only small, and is of no great overall importance with regard to the narrative, but it serves the grander purpose of linking together the events depicted in the first, third, and last sections of the book by not only allowing us to piece them together in a chronological way, but also by allowing us to discover for ourselves the causal chain of events that led to their occurrence in the first place. Aint you going to help me find that quarter so I can go to the show tonight, Luster asks Benjy in the opening passages of the novel. Later, not having found it, he asks Jason for a quarter, to which Jason replies: I thought Dilsey was going to get a quarter from Frony for you. Luster says she did, and admits that he lost it. He eventually receives the quarter from Caddys daughter Quentin, and there is no further mention of it until the third section of the novel, which takes place the day before the first section, in which Luster again asks Jason for a quarter so he can go to the show; he does not receive it.This is merely a trivial plot point, save for what it reveals about the destructive and occasionally malevolent nature of Jasons character when he burns the tickets to the show that Luster wants to go to, ra ther than giving them to Luster. It is akin to the moment when his father and his namesake orders Benjys castration and, if not as severe as that event, it is at least more illogical and unreasonable, even though Jason does not see it that way. However, even with its lack of narrative relevance to the novel as a whole, this plot point underscores and upholds the design of the novel in two ways. First, as a purely structural element, it links together two separate sections of the story the first and the third and thus it forms a bridge across the chasm of Quentins section, so we may work out for ourselves the order of continuity in which these events take place. Second, as a more thematically-resonant element, it allows us to witness Jasons display of harsh behavior and thus it allows us to draw the connection between him and his father.That he carries his fathers name is not, in itself, evidence of design but we suspect that a designer is at work when Caddys daughter Quentin shares a name with Caddys brother, and when Benjy, who was once Maury, shared like Quentin a name with his uncle. This is evidence of design because it is too coincidental to not be deliberate; and, if it is deliberate, then it must serve a purpose. That purpose is to prompt the reader to look for reasons as to why these characters might share a name and to what those names might signify and ultimately that purpose is to compare and contrast the individuals who share that name. It is this technique of juxtaposition and mimicry of contrasting scenes with later scenes and one individual with another individual, and likewise of comparing scenes and individuals that suggests a design to the novel, with a grand purpose to that design: namely, to illustrate the reasons behind the downfall of the Compsons without explicitly illustrating them. We do not realize that the reasons for their downfall have been illustrated for us until these scenes and individuals are compared and contr asted in hindsight, so we may then go back and evaluate the earlier elements in order to see the cause of the decay: its instigator, Caddy.Consider Benjys first recollection in his section of the novel: Caddy took her dress off and threw it on the bank. Then she didnt have on anything but her bodice and drawers, and Quentin slapped her and she slipped and fell down into the water. In a single paragraph, the events of the entire novel are set in motion. Caddy, at age seven or eight, first asks Versh to take her dress off for her a foreshadowing of the emerging promiscuity that will ultimately bring about her undoing and Quentin warns Versh not to do it likewise, a sign of his over-protectiveness of his sister, which comes to the fore when he slaps her for taking her dress off. Ultimately, too, it is this over-protectiveness that will bring about his downfall that is, his suicide. But as they are all children at this time, and as we witness this even through the eyes of Benjy , who is unconstrained by time and by conceptions of ordinary morality, we do not realize until much later, when we reconsider this passage detailing the interaction of the siblings, that the seeds of their destruction were planted from the very beginning. While the final section of the novel is narrated from an omniscient, third-person point-of-view, the non-chronological order of the first three sections must be arranged in such an order by that same omniscience, for it gives the story a pace by which we move from disorder to order in the same way we move in a more conventional narrative from conflict to resolution, and thus, though it is not made explicit on a purely narrative level, the novel is nevertheless imbued with an overwhelming sense of fatalistic inevitability.This inevitability, then, gives rise to an equal sense of hopelessness, which in turn gives rise to the essence of tragedy: judging from the progression of the novels disorder into order, we know that an ending t o the Compson familys legacy is in sight, and that it is not at all pleasant I seed de beginning, en now I sees de endin, Dilsey says, portentously. This inevitability is brought about by the arrangement and structuring of the four sections of the novel: although the narrative progression is not depicted in chronological order, the thematic progression certainly is. With the central theme of the novel being an exploration of the constraints of time, there is a forward progression in the movement from a completely disorganized and random perception of time in Benjys section, to a more ordered but still confused perception of time in Quentins section, to a largely ordered and only occasionally disrupted perception of time in Jasons section, and finally to a supremely ordered and undisrupted depiction of time in the final section. It is almost as if we have a Gods eye view of the narrative, beginning in the mind of Benjy and slowly pulling back to reveal an increasingly more object ive portrait of the Compsons and, more specifically, of the absent Caddy. This suggests design by way of a seemingly random but essentially logically-ordered arrangement of the narrative structure in such a way as to ensure that the true subject of the story Caddy Compson always remains at the core of the narrative, as its focus.Nowhere in the story is this sense of inevitability more powerful than in Quentins section on June Second, 1910. More than any of the other sections, Quentins section operates in a similar way to the novel as a whole, but on a microcosmic level it employs the same structure as the entire novel, but condenses that structure into a single chapter. From the moment we realize that Quentin is the narrator of this section, with the resentful words [Jesus] had no sister which imply a kind of over-protectiveness toward a sister, such as that we have already witnessed in Benjys section we suspect how his story ends: with his suicide. We do not receive confir mation of this, however, unless we put together the pieces of what we already know, for there is a technique at work here, as follows. Roskus does not mention Quentin by name in Benjys section when he tells Dilsey that Aint the sign of [bad luck] been here for folks to see fifteen years now but nevertheless, there is the implication of some terrible occurrence in the Compson household that took place about fifteen years ago. Moreover, there is the implication that someone died Dying aint all, says Roskus and there is also the implication (by way of the symbolic deathly screech of the squinch owl) that more bad luck is yet to come. A sense of design is made evident when Benjys story is immediately followed by Quentins story, dated June Second, 1910 just over fifteen years before the events preceding Benjys section on April Seventh, 1928. We know, then, by way of Roskus earlier comments, that something of great resonance takes place in this chapter, and, several paragraphs int o it, we know that whatever it is, it happens to Quentin. Indeed, when Quentin recalls how he held Caddy at knifepoint and told her he could kill her and then kill himself, we realize that this is exactly what he will do, for Caddy has lost her virginity and so the idealized version of her that Quentin once held dear is now dead is gone forever: therefore, there is nothing left for him to do but to kill himself, as he earlier promised.But simple foreshadowing is not the mere gimmicky end-purpose of the novels design; it is simply the purpose of this section of the novel in order to underscore the storys overarching theme of time. The sluglines at the beginning of each section indicate a specific but overall jumbled timeframe, and, being conditioned to more conventionally-structured works of fiction, we immediately attempt to impose this narrative onto a more solid timeframe in our minds eye. With our failure to do this in Benjys section, we realize that he exists in a world free from times constraints, and with our successful ability to do this in Quentins section, we realize that he exists in a world trapped by times constraints. This comparison and contrast between two sets of two of the three brothers, whose respective sections immediately precede or follow anothers that is, between Benjy and Quentin, and between Quentin and Jason gives the novel its overall sense of design, which then impacts upon and shapes its central theme. The purpose of the design of the overall novel as opposed to simply any one section of the novel is to paint a portrait of an individual who exists outside of time; not Benjy, who naturally exists outside of time, and not Quentin, who forces himself to exist outside of time, and not Jason, who lives in the past and exists outside of the present time, but rather it is a portrait of Caddy, not as a girl but as an ideal which, by its very nature as a purely metaphysical thing, must exist outside of time. But this ideal can o nly exist outside of time if exactly the same idealized version of Caddy is held by the three brothers, with no differing opinions on their perception of that ideal.For the first two brothers, this is embodied in the notion of castration. Benjy is castrated because, it is implied, he attempts to rape a girl not a specific girl, but an anonymous one; yet he knows he has lost something, and the loss he feels is equated with the sense of loss he felt when he first saw Caddy after she lost her virginity. Likewise, after Caddy has lost her virginity, Quentin tells his father he wishes he was a eunuch so he would not think about sex (that is, with his sister). Consider also that in Quentins section of the novel, Benjy pulls at Caddys dress when he senses she is no longer a virgin while, in Benjys section of the novel, Quentin urges Caddy to keep her dress on as she climbs the tree a symbol of temptation, the scent of which torments Quentin. Only by way of this contrast between the t wo brothers can Caddy be portrayed as an ideal: Benjy has lost something he did not want to lose, Quentin wishes to lose something he does not want to have, but both brothers have lost an idealized version of their beloved sister and it is a completely involuntary loss that neither of them can reclaim. Caddy could easily have been perceived as an ideal by each of the brothers, but she could not have been perceived as the same kind of ideal by both brothers unless this specific design and structure was employed to separate their stories, to plant seeds in one that are sown in the other, to compare and contrast in order to salvage the overall portrait of the girl and of her idealized self.This comparison and contrast between the two brothers comes to a head in the third section of the novel, narrated by Jason. Jason is a combination of the two brothers like Quentin he is emotionally dead, although physically animated; like Benjy he has lost many things, but is trying desperately t o reclaim something, anything. We would not understand this connection between the three brothers were it not for the specific design of the comparison/contrast structure imposed on the narrative, that gradually distances us from the wholly subjective perspective held by Benjy and moves us toward the largely objective perspective held by Jason.How is it, then, that Jason is able to hold exactly the same kind of idealized version of Caddy in his mind, as held by both Benjy and Quentin, if he does not perceive her as an object of desire, as they do? Perhaps it is because neither Benjy nor Quentin actually perceive her as an object of desire, but rather all three brothers view their sister as someone they have idealized as a person who, in her absence, brings about a sense of loss, and who, in her presence, is capable of negating that loss. Neither Benjy nor Quentin nor Jason specifically want Caddy back, at least not as an individual person; but they simply want Caddy back because when she lost her virginity, when she left behind a child, and when she left altogether, she took something away from each of the brothers lives and it is that something that they each seek to reclaim. Caddy is simply the embodiment of that something; she is the common element of loss that cannot be regained; that is why she becomes, for each of them, an unattainable ideal.Consider, finally, the closing passage of the novel: evidence, in narrative form, of the design as outlined above. Luster looked quickly back over his shoulder, then he drove on in the same way we might read the novel as both a forward-moving narrative and as a backward-looking exercise in the significance of hindsight. Now consider the final sentence: Post and tree, window and doorway and signboard [were] each in [their] ordered place in much the same way the different sections of the novel are each in their ordered place, with the same structure as this observation, from the disordered size and height of t he post and tree, to the more ordered placement of the window and doorway, to the supremely ordered ability to convey information of the signpost. Indeed, this is typical of the entire final section of the novel, which is essentially a summation, via Reverend Shegogs speech, of the history of the decaying Compson family thus far as if the omniscient designer were commenting and passing judgment on the events that have taken place to lead up to this moment; for what is time, but a measurement of the present against the past? and therein lies the evidence of design. That the quality of events and characters within a novel can be measured, and that the structure of such a novel would invite readers to measure these things for themselves, suggests that those events have been orchestrated for a specific purpose, and those characters have been imbued with specific qualities and histories, and together they have been structured in such a way as would not only imply but would necessitat e an intelligent design to the novel, in order to give the contents therein some kind of valuable thematic meaning.

Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Research Study - 1032 Words

Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Research Study Problem Statement The problem addressed in this study is reported in the work of Carusone, Loeb, and Lohfield (2006) entitled Pneumonia Care and the Nursing Home: A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Resident and Family Member Perspectives. The problem addressed in this study is the fact that nursing home residents are sent to the hospital quite frequently for diagnostic testing and to receive health care services. These transfers are reported as being expensive and to be associated, for some individuals, with an increase in health risks. It is reported however, that since improvements in technology have occurred that long-term care facilities are able to deliver more complex health care on site. 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Proposal for A Narcissistic study of The Picture of...

A Narcissistic study of The Picture of Dorian Grey General Overview Oscar Wilde’s The picture of Dorian Grey’s novel is about a young man named Dorian Gray, the subject of a painting by artist Basil Hallward. Basil is impressed by Dorians beauty and believes his beauty should not be wasted and it is responsible for a new mode in his art. Dorian meets Lord Henry Wotton, a friend of Basils, and becomes enslaved by Lord Henrys world view. He shows him a new hedonism, and suggests the only things worth following in life are beauty and fulfillment of the senses. When he realizes that one day his beauty will fade, Dorian feels a desire to sell his soul to ensure the portrait that Basil has painted would age instead of him. Dorians wish†¦show more content†¦But first we need to know what narcissism is, so there will be an introduction about different kinds of narcissism. Methodology We will study The Picture of Dorian Grey through Narcissism which is an excessive interest in or admiration of oneself and ones physical appearance. There are different kinds of narcissism such as sexual narcissism and phallic narcissism. This research tries to show and analyze different types of narcissism in the main characters of the novel. Definition of key terms Narcissism: is a term that originated with Narcissus in Greek mythology who fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water. Currently it is used to describe the pursuit of gratification from vanity, or egotistic admiration of ones own physical or mental attributes, that derive from arrogant pride. Pathological narcissism: It is the state of having high levels of narcissism such as narcissistic personality disorder; the persons libido has been withdrawn from the objects in the world and produces megalomania. Megalomania: It is a psychopathological disorder characterized by delusional fantasies of power, relevance, or omnipotence, Megalomania is characterized by an inflated sense of self-esteem and overestimation by persons of their powers and beliefs. Phallic narcissism: When an individual is elitist, a social climber, admiration seeking, self-promoting, bragging and empowered by

The Debate On Gun Control - 2134 Words

Guns Do Not Belong on Campus The debate on gun control has been an issue in the United States since the country began. The founding fathers of the nation considered the issue so important it was addressed in the second amendment to the Constitution which states, A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed (US Const. amend. II). Of course these words have been interpreted differently through the years. When I began working in campus law enforcement 15 years ago, a person found with a concealed firearm in their possession outside of their home could have been arrested. Many cities in Kansas also had laws prohibiting the transportation†¦show more content†¦The law defines adequate security measures as: â€Å"†¦the use of electronic equipment and personnel at public entrances to detect and restrict the carrying of any weapons into the state or municipal building, including, but not limited to, metal detectors, metal detector wands or any other equipment used for similar purposes to ensure that weapons are not permitted to be carried into such building by members of the public. Adequate security measures for storing and securing lawfully carried weapons, including, but not limited to, the use of gun lockers or other similar storage options may be provided at public entrances† (K.S.A.75-7c20L) As the law is written right now the four-year exemption will expire in July of 2017 at which time universities will no longer be able to restrict concealed carry of firearms on their campuses. Although there are no signs the Kansas legislature is going to change course, there are some very compelling reasons why they should. In the United States the leading cause of death amongst people of college age (15-24 years old) is accidents, followed by suicide and homicide (Centers for Disease Control). Data shows that for Americans under the age of 30 years old these three categories account for 79% of all deaths, with chronic and infectious disease accounting for only 21% of deaths (Mcintosh). These statistics highlight the propensity for risky behavior amongst people of college age. As a married 40-year-old man, after

Emergency Responders And Emergency Emergencies - 1233 Words

When volunteers are able to help, they can provide essential economic, social, and emotional support that encourages community resilience. However, their effectiveness depends upon proper coordination of volunteers, groups and volunteer organizations. Having large numbers of people and supplies can pose serious challenges for emergency management. Massive volunteer responses are typically part of the initial response phase following a disaster but, on some occasions volunteer efforts extend throughout the post-impact and recovery periods. In order for the volunteers to remain successful throughout the post-impact period, it is important for volunteers to coordinate with the agencies they represent to identify what type of aid they can†¦show more content†¦Because of this, volunteer efforts were only focused on non-emergency recovery outside of the immediate area of Ground Zero. Volunteer Management by the Government There have been many times in recent history where poor volunteer management led to increased complications during the response and recovery process. If volunteer efforts are not managed and distributed appropriately they can lead to additional harm to victims, response personnel and the environment. Unmanaged workers, equipment, and volunteers at the scene of a disaster can create congestion and interfere with response activities. Oftentimes, volunteers and extra supplies show up at a disaster scene unrequested and can add to the chaos. Because of this, government officials began developing plans to manage volunteer efforts. The lack of volunteer management following Hurricane Andrew in 1993 caused FEMA to develop a list of recommendations for States to manage unsolicited goods, unaffiliated volunteers, and donations. After the Oklahoma City Bombing in 1995, thousands of spontaneous volunteers showed up to help, but there was no management process in place to coordinate their efforts. This led to Federal Officials requesting that local and state disaster plans begin including processes to organize and manage volunteers. When Hurricane Floyd hit the North Carolina coast in 1999,

Diseases Free Essays

The world that more than six billion people inhabit is a very dangerous place to live. Genocides and wars seem to spring up once the world has promised that another would not be allowed in the future. Children in most of this nation’s big cities are advised not to walk at night in the streets of their own city and parents worry that their children will be safe. We will write a custom essay sample on Diseases or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are all major problems which plague the world that we live in today. These problems are made by people and as a result, there is the potential that people can stop the above mentioned impediments to our happiness. What served as a more elusive and complicated force is the diseases which plagues this world and jeopardizes the lives and happiness of billions of people in this world. In the West, although not immune to diseases, we have been blessed with relative health against some of the diseases which have been all but eradicated in this part of the world. This is not the same in the underdeveloped countries where open sewage and a severe lack of proper health care seems only to breed these diseases and increased the death and destruction in these parts of the world in a most exponential fashion. Some of these diseases are the plague, malaria, Filariasis and African Sleeping Sickness. All of these diseases, which are allowed to infect millions of people on a yearly basis, are encouraged to breed, grow and infect because of a severe lack of sanitary conditions. As a result, rodents, worms and mosquitoes are their main mode of transportation; creatures which are attracted to open sewage and poor sanitation services. As a result, the above mentioned diseases continue to infect and kill millions of people. There has been progress made in the attempt to eradicate these diseases from the world but it has become painfully obvious that this will not happen overnight. These are the aspects which these four, very distinct diseases have with one another; they are most popular in the underdeveloped countries of the world, the disease is carried by rodents and mosquitoes and all are deadly. Malaria is one of the most devastating diseases in the world today. Not only does the disease cause a great deal of pain and suffering for its victims, the global cost that the world absorbs as it tries to combat this most crippling disease, ranks up there with some of the most costly diseases in the world today. As it is the case with most such crippling diseases, the symptoms create a great deal of pain for its victim. â€Å"Some of these symptoms are vomiting, anemia and convulsions. Drastic changes in the temperature of the individual as well served as one of the major impediments to the comfort of the individual. † Sudden coldness, followed by severe sweating which can last for hours, usually is associated and follows closely with the classic symptoms of malaria. The previously mentioned symptom of anemia is most devastating am9ong children who are some of the diseases most popular hosts. Malaria among adolescents, when at this crucial stage of brain development, wrecks havoc among the victim and severely retards and often times kills, the young child who has become infected. Malaria is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium. In humans, it is the genus falciparum which causes 80% of the infections among humans and over 90% of the deaths. Malaria in human develops in two separate phases. When a mosquito is infected with the disease and pierces the skin of a human with their bite, the saliva of the mosquito enters the bloodstream and within as little as thirty minutes, the liver begins to fight the infectious disease; many times with crippling and deadly affects. â€Å"What adds to the danger of the disease is that within that half an hour of being introduced to the human, the infectious cells being to multiply and will continue to do so for a period of seven to sixteen days. † Once introduced to the liver, they begin to rupture into the liver and infect the red blood cells. The exponential increase of infecting red blood cells will lead to a fever within the human. The parasite adds to its danger by being oblivious to the natural defense mechanisms which the body has in fighting off such foreign diseases within the body. The parasite’s life cycle is so short and while it resides within the liver, remains immune to the natural defenses that the body has in defending itself. Also, the parasites are able to stick to the walls of the infected blood cells and thereby avoids being flushed out of the body through the spleen where they would be destroyed by the body. All of the above mentioned give rise to the dangerous aspects of the disease itself. The parasite acts like a thief in the night who seeks to change his disguise in order to prevent from getting caught. It stays one step ahead of the competition and therefore, ensures a long life in the body of a human being. This unique feature within the parasite has resulted in the death of millions of individuals throughout the world. When faced with a problem on such a large and crippling scale, the obvious reaction is to wonder what defenses, if any, can be used to help combat those infected with such a disease. The first problem, aside from the illusiveness of the disease itself, is the fact that malaria is most popular in underdeveloped areas; areas where hospital care and proper sanitation are the exception rather than the rule. Also, currently there is no vaccine which can effectively combat the disease in order to prevent the disease in the first place. However, through the successful efforts of first recognizing the cause and breeding grounds of malaria, the United States and Southern Europe, once popular areas for malaria, have become nearly eradicated from those parts of the world. â€Å"In 2003, there was only 1,099 reported cases of malaria in the United States; a country of nearly 300 million people at that time. † Of those nearly eleven hundred cases, only eight resulted in death. Another such dangerous disease which is very common in the underdeveloped countries of the world is Filariasis. In the United States, little is known about the disease as only a rare number of cases every occur in the United States. However, there is a staggering number of people who are at risk of being infected with the disease. â€Å"The World Health Organization estimates that every year, more than 1. 4 billion people are in danger of being infected with this disease. † Filariasis is a disease which is caused by a parasitic worm and is transited by mosquitoes. It was first recognized in 1866 by Otto Wucherer who presented the presence of the disease in the urine of his infected patients. The next few years would be an important time in the history of the discovery of the disease as one important research discovery occurred in the latter half of the 19th century. However, this did not result in a vaccination for the peoples of the underdeveloped portions of the world. Millions would be affected with the symptoms of the disease. Only now, they would be able to identify it; small comfort for those infected with the disease. One of the most obvious symptoms of the disease is elephantiasis or the thickening of the skin and its underlining tissues. This usually occurs in the groin region of the patient or in any one of his limbs but which usually occurs in his feet. There are currently 120 million people who are affected with the disease. Many of them reside in Asia, Africa and Central and South America; all areas that are considered underdeveloped countries with poor sanitation and many areas, like Central and South America and especially areas of Asia, which are tropical environments and which breed mosquitoes. Also, of the 120 million people who are currently infected, over forty million are infected with the disease to such a degree, that they are incapacitated, many times for the rest of their lives since treatment of the disease at such an advanced stage, especially when it is most popular in underdeveloped countries where treatment of the disease is more of the exception than the rule, there resides little hope in the rapid recovery of the individual from such a crippling disease; both mentally and physically for the patient. This aids in a life of poverty, not only for the individual but in the society in which he is a part of. A person who cannot work, does not aid in the survival of the society and in the building up of the social and economic structure of his community. This decreases the taxes or other various forms of revenue which he would have otherwise been contributing to the society. Instead of contributing to society, the infected patient, unable to work or even to feed himself, now depends upon the help of a family member who now must spend their time caring for their loved one. This placed upon the family, a mental, physical and economic burden that otherwise, would not have been present had such a dangerous disease been introduced to the society. Also, in these societies; many of which are underdeveloped to say the least, the hopes of bettering their conditions further decreases with time. The next question beyond attempting to identify how the disease is contracted, is the question of how can it be correctly and quickly diagnosed. The illusive nature of the disease makes diagnosis that much harder as its symptoms do not always follow the textbook examples which members of the medical community are trained to spot. The most accurate ways in which to identify the presence of Filariasis is through a blood test. What is one of the most fascinating, unique and in the end tragic characteristic in trying to identify the disease is the fact that the parasites have been referred to as â€Å"nocturnal periodicity† because they resist appearance within conventional tests which are administered during the day. Blood tests must be taken at night when the microfilaria are most common in the peripheral blood. Despite this unique illusiveness of the disease, blood tests are common and inexpensive compared to the other procedures which are often out of the reach of the communities in such high at risk areas of the world which coincidentally, are some of the poorest countries in the world as well. Once the disease has been identified, it now falls upon the health officials in the area where it has affected most of its people, to try to forever eradicate the disease from their community, and then from the rest of the world. The first step in this task is containment. The levels of worm larvae which is present within the blood, must be reduced as much as possible so that there would then exist, such trace amounts that mosquitoes would find it nearly impossible to spread the disease to another human being. Mectizan is one of the most popular prescriptions which is used to combat the spread of the disease. Albendazole has also been used to contain the spread of the disease. All of the above mentioned first attack the disease within the blood; trying to decrease the high levels which are present within the blood stream. Complete eradication cannot always be expected but when the drugs result in only trace elements being present in the blood stream, it served as a tremendous strip in the right direction for the eventual eradication of this most painful and crippling disease. Concerning all of the diseases aforementioned, the plague, commonly called the Bubonic Plague but which can take on several different forms, is the most popular because of its crippling effects upon Western Civilization. The main difference with the plague is that when it was at its very worst, it was Western Civilization which was brought to its knees while most of the rest of the world was spared of its damaging effects. Either that or it exists much less recorded evidence of its existence. There was a major outbreak in China which â€Å"was referred to as the 3rd Pandemic in the 1850’s but when talking about the plague, the image of millions upon millions of Europeans during the Middle Ages with the people unable to protect themselves at all, is conjured up in the minds of those who hear the word plague. † This is accurate but also erroneously fails to recognize the contemporary effects that the plague has on the world today. The plague is a disease which resides mostly in fleas and rodents. The infection of a human being occurs when a person is bitten by a flea that has been affected by an infected rodent. The bacteria blocks the stomach and gives the flea a strong sense of hunger which propels the flea to feast on the blood of humans at an elevated pace. This only increases the spread of the disease and its deadly effects. Some of these effects are the constant bleeding of the skin and the internal organs which creates black patches on the skin. The pneumonic plague infects the lungs as there are various forms of the plague. The one thing which is common in all forms of the plague is its devastating effects and long history in the world today. Of all of the diseases aforementioned, as well as in the history of science, the plague has one of the longest histories. The first recorded mention of the plague is seen in the Old Testament when I Samuel records the Philistines being struck by a plague in which there was open sores and severe swelling. This was recorded around 100 BC and began a long history of this most crippling disease. One of the most famous instances of the Plague was the plague which hit Europe in the 14th century. It was called the Black Death and historians believe that as many as 1/3 of the entire population of Europe was stricken with the disease and eventually died. There was no defense against the disease and with Europe lacking in the essential sanitation services which are common place today, there was little defense that many people could have against the disease. What made the disease even more devastating was the fact that people could barely identify the disease but was unable to pinpoint its origins. Other plagues would hit Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries but with a lessening affect on the death rate of the people. It was not until the 19th century was rodents pinpointed as the main mode of transportation for the disease. Also, with an increase in the sanitation of its sewers, the plague, at least in Europe, eventually subsided. However, not before millions of people died a most gruesome death from the crippling disease. The effect that the plague had on Europe at that time was more than just tallying up the numbers of dead, although that was most important. What was also devastating, and an effect which would not be recognized until centuries later, was the way in which the disease set back Western civilization centuries in the fields of science and math. Although historians have largely dismissed the term â€Å"The Late Dark Ages’ there still was an absence of learning and scholarly endeavors which took place at this time compared to its following generations. This is especially true in comparison to the achievements that Arab nations, who at this time, was ahead of the West in many different categories of learning and internal improvements. Another most unique aspect of the disease is that fact that the disease was used as a form of a biological weapon. This is another aspect of the disease which sets it apart from all others previously mentioned. World War II was a prime example of how a major worldly conflict could bring out new ways in which to create destruction among one’s fellow man. During the war, Japan, and to a lesser extent Germany, sought to breed masses of fleas in order to create and control the disease in order for it to be used on the Allied forces. Although largely unsuccessful, both the United States and the Soviet Union, in their recognition of the beginning of the Cold War, sought to develop means of weapon sing a version of the pneumonic plague in the event that a war with each other was to break out in the future. This never did happen but with the fall of the Soviet Union in the early 1990’s, multiple viles of biological warfare, including strains of the plague, were lost; stolen or secretly misplaced in order to combat one’s own sinister motives for destruction. The last and usually overlooked disease which much of the West is oblivious to, both in the experience and knowledge of its effects is African Sleeping Sickness of African Trypanosomiasis. Like the aforementioned diseases, African Sleeping Sickness is caused by a parasite and is revisited by the bite of a fly, usually a tsetse fly. There is an estimated 250,000 new cases each year by the World Health Organization believes that this is only a fraction of the actual cases which occur. The discrepancy is due mostly to simply underreporting the disease. The name of the disease is very accurate. However, it does not mean that its symptoms are to be only included in Africa. It is the most popular area of infection. Some of the countries hit the worst have been Uganda, Kenya, Zaire and Zimbabwe. Also, what makes the disease unique is the fact that the parasite which causes the illness can remain dormant in the body for weeks or even sometimes months before symptoms arise. â€Å"Therefore, there an additional tens of millions of people who are estimated to be living with some of the more than 250 different strands which constitute the disease. † It is also estimated by the World Health Organization that the disease is mainly contained on the continent of Africa with the vast majority of reported cases occurring in thirty six of the Sub Saharan countries in Africa. What is common with this disease as with all of the aforementioned is the way in which it is transferred from one human to another. The most common and effective mode of transportation is with the tsetse fly. This is in connection with the mode of transportation of all of the aforementioned diseases in the fact that a member of the insect family is either directly or indirectly involved in the transformation of this most fatal disease. When a person becomes infected, they have bouts of fever and headache, painful joints as the parasites quickly multiply within the body. The second and most deadly phase comes when the brain is affected and the sleeping pattern of the infected individual is directly affected. This is what gives the disease its name but an altered sleeping pattern is not the only condition which is associated with the disease. This only signals one of the last stages of the disease and death will usually follow. The disease, when left untreated, will cause death. If the disease is caught in time, there is still the risk of brain damage as the only available drugs which are used to combat the disease; often times cause irreversible nerve damage within the brain. Also, even with the successful treatment of the disease, unless caught in literally the first couple of days of the disease, the lifespan of the individual is reduced by nine to fourteen years on average. It is a most harmful disease which the World Health Organization is calling for a heightened recognition and treatment for the areas of Africa which are most affected by the disease. Malaria, African Sleeping sickness, the plague and Filariasis all have one thing in common: they all cause death. It is not comforting to the people who have dedicated their lives to the eradication of the disease that each has different symptoms which will lead the patient to the same outcome. The goal is to help make these diseases a thing of the past. One of the most obvious characteristic which all of these diseases have in common is the mode of transportation that the parasites rely upon in order to spread from one individual to another on a large scale. Malaria directly depends upon mosquitoes and therefore, tropical areas are breeding grounds for the disease. Therefore, much of South America as well as Asian countries with high ran fall totals, are in a heightened risk of infection. Malaria, of all the aforementioned diseases, is the one which has killed the most people. It is hard to know exactly how many people the plague has killed. Its major outbreak during the middle of the 14th century, does not give an accurate estimate of the number of people that it has killed. Malaria has killed at least 300 million people in its long and disastrous history. Also, more than a million new cases arise every year with many dying. Malaria has been and continued to be, one of the most dangerous and deadly diseases in the world today. Therefore, it behooves the entire world to stay educated as to the dangers of the disease and to prevent oneself from the disease. The plague is one of the most famous of all of the diseases. The danger of contracting the plague during Medieval Europe was a real fear for the people. At that time, only the best doctors were occasionally able to identify the disease itself. Being able to treat the individual or even prevent the further spreading of the disease was not yet an option,. Never before in human history had mankind been presented with a disease which left the medical as well as the general populations so helpless and in the dark as to how to treat the disease. It was eventually discovered that the disease was spread through the contamination of rodents by mosquitoes. The lack of proper sewage systems and an all around lack of cleanliness and knowledge, helped to increase the tally of the numbers of dead which can be contributed to the black death of the 14th century. Filariasis is one of the most unique diseases that has been mentioned. On the surface, the disease seems to have only an outward affect upon its victim with the enlargement of various of a person’s body. This alone is still a reason to b vigilant. However, the disease will often time, if left untreated, to death of the victim. Therefore, not only does the victim infected with a disease which manes and disfigures, it also will lead to death. The disease is a direct attack on the blood as the parasite acts as though it has a mind of its own as it evades the various natural defenses of the body; always staying one step ahead and responding the body’s attempt to kill the disease. The disease is introduced into the body through an insect bite. The same can be said of African Sleeping Sickness. What is unique about this disease is the relative ignorance that the rest of the world has for the disease. The World Health Organization is staying as up to date as it possibly can but with a severe case of underreporting, it is hard for such organizations to keep tabs and chart the progress of the disease as well as the success of treatments which have been designed to stop the disease. The fact that the disease can stay dormant in the body for a sustained amount of time also adds to the evasiveness of the disease and therefore its treatment and eradication for the future. Those who live in the United States of America and throughout the West are very fortunate people as the number of cases which these four diseases are seen in individuals are very low. Usually, when any of these diseases are introduced into the country, it is from an infected person who came from one of the various trouble spots of the world. A lack of sanitation and medical care as well as environments which breed these various types of mosquitoes all contribute to the heightened risk which people living in these areas have to face on a daily basis. How to cite Diseases, Papers

Management Fundamentals

Question: Discuss about the importance of team management in international management. Answer: Part 1 Team work is very important for a business. In the case of international business, interaction within the employees is very important as it is the pillar of efficient teamwork. Efficient teamwork is the key to organizational success in global business (Turner 2012). In this paper the team management would be discussed which is required for managing team in an international project. In this context, some management theories would be discussed here which are important for managing international and diverse team. In addition, the reason for which these theories are important in international management would also be discussed here. In this paper, the Maslows hierarchy of needs theory would be discussed along with the necessity of the managers to know about this theory. In an international team, there are different kinds of team members with different culture, beliefs, values and perception. Therefore, the leader or manager should motivate the team mates to work in a group. This theory was established by Abraham Maslow in 1943 (Boussebaa et al. 2012). This theory highlights the basic needs of the employees for being motivated and work as a team. The needs have been arranged in a form of hierarchy. At the base of the hierarchy, there are the basic physiological needs, then the safety needs, love and belonging or social needs, self esteem, self actualization. It has been revealed that in an international team, there can be team members from various age group and their perceptions and values would not be similar (Sung and Choi 2012). Thus, this theory states that the manager or team leader should give the team memb ers to grow from the beginning level to understand how to adjust with other team members to work successfully in a team. Here, providing the basic psychological needs is the primary responsibility of the team leader which would encourage the employees to reach the next level (Deresky and Christopher 2011). In the next level, the employees would be provided with safety needs. In this stage, the team leaders would help to achieve team work skills and would provide the safety needs. Once the team members feel safe, they would be encouraged to participate in the teamwork with more efficiency. It would also help to reduce the level of internal tea, conflicts within the team members. In the next stage, they would be provided with social support, needs related to love and belonging (Bhabha 2012). The team leader would attempt to build a positive and trustworthy relationship with the team member who would allow the employees to share their values and beliefs with the team leader and others team member, it would help to build the team strength and reduce the onset of team conflicts. In the next step, the self esteem of the team mates would be enhanced through proper guidance (Christopher 2012). One of the important aspects in international team management is managing change implementation. It i s because, some people might resist change and others may support the change. Thus, through effective mentoring, their self-esteem could be enhanced and with enhanced self-confidence, the team mates would have more confidence to accept change in the organizational context (Cascio 2012). Finally, to work in a diverse team, the self actualization is very important which is at the top of this hierarchical theory. Motivation would lead to this step, when people would be able to explore their internal strength and competencies, therefore, they would be able to manage the internal conflicts (Lientz and Rea 2012). Mary Parker Follett was a social worker as well as political theorist who was known as the pioneer of management theories. In her organizational theory, she pioneered the understanding of lateral processes in a hierarchical firm (Well et al. 2012). She discussed the importance of informal processes in the organization and promoted the perspective of authority of expertise. In her management theory, she advocated the pull approach in spite of a push approach to the employees. She showed the difference between power over and power with (Berry and Bell 2012). While discussing about her management theory, she depicted the insightful perspectives on negotiation, power sharing and conflict resolution for shaping the modern management theories (Motohashi 2012). The Mary Parker Follett Theory of Management is marked by some principles which are as follows: The conflict resolution via integration usually results in a win-win position. Here integration is referred to the identification and achievement of compatible needs of each respective party, as opposed to attempt to achieve the frequent-incompatible expressed desire of each party. In the sub-theory, Mary Parker Follett leadership theory, the genuine power is highlighted as coactive in spite being coercive. According the Folletts theory, true leaders establish group power, in spite of expressing or exploiting personal power. While implementing Mary Parker Folletts theory in managing an international team, there are various types of online tools available which would help to gain more in-depth awareness about this theory and related principles, based on which the internal steps could be taken (Lemaire et al. 2012). The leadership theory depicts the importance of group dynamics and the features required in a group. According to this theory, the approach of power with would be applied in the group in spite of power over. IT would help the employees to explore and share their power in management functions done by the group (Daly et al. 2012). In addition, while implementing the Mary Parker Folletts theory for conflict resolution, integrating employees needs in the conflict situation would lead to a win-win situation (Jormanainen and Koveshnikov 2012). According to this theory, the power sharing of the team members along with the leader would help the team to perform in a systematic manner which would help to gain success more rapidly and the perception, authority of expertise would be followed as a result of power sharing which would help the team members to identify their area of expertise which would be explored at the right time and right place for improving the teams performance (Menz 2012). Part 2 Managing an international team is quite difficult, as here we need to manage different types of people, who have diverse cultural and social background. Thus, the cross cultural conflicts may arise. While managing the team, the team leader should motivate them. Two most sensitive areas in a team which are the common concern of team leaders or managers are managing communication and cultural diversity within the team mates. In a cross cultural or international team, as a manager, we should interact with the team members through the provision of a supportive environment. While working as a leader of a team, I have dealt with people from different age group, someone from 25 years age and someone from 45 years old age group. In this context, I have seen that difficult behavior of one team met can affect the productivity of the entire group. One of the major issues which I have faced was the inappropriate communication within the team mates. The 25 years old young team mate did not suppor t the ideas provided by the 45 years old middle age woman. In addition, the 25 years old young man was so arrogant and used to be his own boss in spite of interacting with others. The other team members also reported to me about his inadequate behavior. In this context, I used my problem solving skills and arranged a face to face meeting with them individually. While talking with the individual, I allowed him to tell and listen to his problem with positive facial expression. He highlighted that he is not comfortable with others from different age group as they have different types of thinking. I attempted to politely make him understand that why he needs to cooperate with team mate from other age group. Then assured him that with his positive response in the team, he would be rewarded. It promoted him to enhance his interaction with others, once he started to interact with others, it became easier for him to work with his team mates and I assessed that it also enhanced our teams productivity significantly. Another difficult area to manage the team was the cultural diversity of a team. I have worked with a Japanese man who was 35 years old. While implementing change in the organization, he was always against the change. As the Japanese management culture support slow process of decision making, he was not familiar with quick decision making and change process. In this context, i heard that he was having clash with others in the team regarding the thought process. Therefore, on the basis of my critical thinking skills, I arranged a training program, for him which would help him to adapt in different corporate environment. The result led to enhanced interaction with others and enhanced team performance. Reference List Berry, D.P. and Bell, M.P., 2012. Expatriates: gender, race and class distinctions in international management.Gender, Work Organization,19(1), pp.10-28. Bhabha, J., 2012, March. Talking the Talk and Walking the Walk: International Management, Human Rights, and Domestic Politics. InASIL Annual Meeting Proceedings(Vol. 106, pp. 61-65). American Society for International Law. Boussebaa, M., Morgan, G. and Sturdy, A., 2012. Constructing global firms? National, transnational and neocolonial effects in international management consultancies.Organization Studies,33(4), pp.465-486. Cascio, W.F., 2012. Methodological issues in international HR management research.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(12), pp.2532-2545. Christopher, E.M., 2012.International management: explorations across cultures. Kogan Page Publishers. Daly, P.S., White, M.M., Zisk, D.S. and Cavazos, D.E., 2012. Problem-based teaching in international management: A political/economic risk assessment exercise.Journal of Teaching in International Business,23(4), pp.260-276. Deresky, H. and Christopher, E., 2011.International management: Managing cultural diversity. Pearson Higher Education AU. Jormanainen, I. and Koveshnikov, P.C.A., 2012. International activities of emerging market firms.Management International Review,52(5), pp.691-725. Lemaire, J.P., Mayrhofer, U. and Milliot, E., 2012. Challenges of International Management on the Dawn of the 21st Century. In38th Annual EIBA (European International Business Academy) Conference(pp. 1-23). Lientz, B. and Rea, K., 2012.International project management. Routledge. Menz, M., 2012. Functional Top Management Team Members A Review, Synthesis, and Research Agenda.Journal of Management,38(1), pp.45-80. Motohashi, K., 2012. Growing RD in Emerging Economies: Implications for International Management and Competitiveness.International Journal of Global Business and Competitiveness,7(1), pp.13-19. Sung, S.Y. and Choi, J.N., 2012. Effects of team knowledge management on the creativity and financial performance of organizational teams.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,118(1), pp.4-13. Turner, R., 2012. International Journal of Project Management, Editorial January 2012.International Journal of Project Management,30(1), p.1. Well, E., First, F., it Out, W. and Training, C.B., 2012. Multidisciplinary team management leads to better outcomes.Cancer Nursing Practice,11(6).

JFK His Life And Legacy Essays (1967 words) - Kennedy Family

JFK: His Life and Legacy On November 22, 1963, while being driven through the streets of Dallas, Texas, in his open car, President John F. Kennedy was shot dead, apparently by the lone gunman, Lee Harvey Oswald. The world had not only lost a common man, but a great leader of men. From his heroic actions in World War II to his presidency, making the decisions to avert possible nuclear conflict with world superpowers, greatness can be seen. Kennedy also found the time to author several best-selling novels from his experiences . His symbolic figure represented all the charm, vigor and optimism of youth as he led a nation into a new era of prosperity. From his birth into the powerful and influential Kennedy clan, much was to be expected of him. Kennedy was born on May 29,1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts. His father, Joe, Sr., was a successful businessman with many political connections. Appointed by President Roosevelt, Joe, Sr., was given the chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission and later the prestigious position of United States ambassador to Great Britain(Anderson 98). His mother, Rose, was a loving housewife and took young John on frequent trips around historic Boston learning about American revolutionary history. Both parents impressed on their children that their country had been good to the Kennedys. Whatever benefits the family received from the country they were told, must be returned by performing some service for the country(Anderson 12). The Kennedy clan included Joe, Jr., Bobby, Ted and their sisters, Eunice, Jean, Patricia, Rosemary, and Kathleen. Joe, Jr., was a significant figure in young John's life as he was the figure for most of John's admiration. His older brother was much bigger and stronger than John and took it upon himself to be John's coach and protector. John's childhood was full of sports, fun and activity. This all ended when John grew old enough to leave for school. At the age of thirteen, John left home to attend an away school for the first time. Canterbury School, a boarding school in New Milford, Connecticut and Choate Preparatory in Wallingford, Connecticut completed his elementary education("JFK" 98). John graduated in 1934 and was promised a trip to London as a graduation gift. Soon after, John became ill with jaundice and would have to go to the hospital. He spent the rest of the summer trying to recover. He was not entirely well when he started Princeton, several weeks later in the fall of 1935. Around Christmas the jaundice returned and John had to drop out of school. Before the next school year began, he told his father he wanted to go to Harvard("JFK" 98). On campus, young people took interest in politics, social changes, and events in Europe. The United States was pulling out of the Great Depression. Hitler's Nazi Germany followed aggressive territorial expansion in Europe. It was at this time that John first became aware of the vast social and economic differences in the United States. In June 1940, John graduated cum laude(with praise or distinction) from Harvard. His thesis earned a magna cum laude(great praise)( "JFK" 98). After graduation, John began to send his paper to publishers, and it was accepted on his second try. Wilfrid Funk published it under the title Why England Slept. It became a bestseller. John, at twenty-five, became a literary sensation. In the spring of 1941, both John and Joe, Jr., decided to enroll in the armed services. Joe was accepted as a naval air cadet but John was turned down by both the army and navy because of his back trouble and history of illness("JFK" 98). After months of training and conditioning, John reapplied and on September 19, John was accepted into the navy as a desk clerk in Washington. He was disgusted and applied for a transfer. In June 1941, Kennedy was sent to Naval Officers Training School at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois and then for additional training at the Motor Torpedo Boat Center at Melville, Rhode Island. In late April 1943, Lieutenant John F. Kennedy was put in command of a PT 109, a fast, light, attack craft in the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific. Kennedy saw action in the form of night patrols and participated in enemy bombings. On August 1, 1943, during a routine night patrol, a Japanese destroyer collided in the darkness with Kennedy's craft and the PT 109 was sunk. Through superhuman effort, the injured Kennedy heroically swam back and forth rescuing his wounded crew. Two were killed in the crash. The injury had once again

Essay Writing - Writing Medical School Secondary Essay Samples

Essay Writing - Writing Medical School Secondary Essay SamplesOne of the common mistakes people make when writing a medical school secondary essay is that they don't write about the specific course. Many applicants seem to think that the application is an introduction to the school, rather than a portfolio of all the things they did during their college education. This article will outline some of the most effective tips for writing a curriculum based essay and how to write a primary and secondary essay.Primary - Situational. Since many medical schools are in rural areas, the requirements for admissions may vary somewhat from school to school. It is important to note the requirements for admission. If the application does not list the specific requirements for the medical school, ask the admissions counselor if he or she can recommend another school. However, the application should list general requirements such as being in good academic standing and a GPA above 2.0.Secondary - Gener al. While this category may seem to be the most general, it is also the one that requires the most skill. Try to capture the school in a topic that covers the breadth of the school. To do this, use the theme that is the heart of the school. If the application does not list this theme, use one of the other themes.Themes should be thought out and clear in the primary essay. On the other hand, in the secondary, you have more freedom with how to structure your essay. By using the 'theme' in the second half of the essay, you are able to explore and share your experiences in a manner that will be both interesting and honest. For example, if the admissions office did not specify which doctor's group was the most popular, try to outline your experience.This also allows you to show that you are well-rounded and that you have had a long experience in the world of medicine. You can make a case that you were able to hone your skills in a specific area before moving on to other areas, such as tr anslational medicine or something like that. Doing research can also be a way to show that you have experience outside of the world of medicine, like working in academia.Secondary should be a place where you highlight your experience as a person who took a long look at the world and thought of how the best practices could be applied in different fields. For example, if you specialize in the field of nutrition, ask yourself how you can use your experience to apply for a fellowship at the world-renowned National Institutes of Health or perhaps one of the other top research universities in the country.Medical school secondary essay's samples can be found online and through one of the many essay samples services. If you are interested in writing a comprehensive application for admission, this may be a good step towards that goal.

Essay on Open Source Software The WritePass Journal

Essay on Open Source Software Introduction: Essay on Open Source Software Introduction:Beginnings:Motivations:Advantages:Conclusion:Introduction:Suggested solutions:Motivations:Green IT approach:References:Related Introduction: The concept of open source affects many fields of study from computer software and hardware to architecture, health, science, robotics and even politics. Linus Torvalds predicted this proliferation of source openness when he said: the future is open source everything. But another founder of open source movement, Eric Raymond, refused the using of this concept about applications outside software (Wikipedia, 2009). Free/open source software (F/OSS) is accessible software where end source code is available for the user. It is not limited to software as applicable ones, it exceeds to allow beneficial to read, modify and recreate the source code (V. Hippel, V. Krogh, 2003). So F/OSS is usually provides users with source code and information needed to apply their changes on them. The ability to run the program as the user wishes is one of the essential freedoms which Richard Stallman, the founder of free software and defender of open source, was confirmed in an interview. These freedoms are: the freedom to study how these software works, the freedom to change it according to projects requirements, the freedom to redistribute it and the freedom to distribute your modified copy to others (Reilly 2008). In Raymond opinion good programmers know how to write, great ones know what to rewrite, and he illustrated that it is almost easier to use an already existing solution to start with than to start from nothing at all. But this involves developer in difficult-to-be-solved problems if choice is not suitable. Linux operating system was not written from scratch where Linus Torvalds started by studying ideas from Minix a tiny Unix-like OS and then reused it according to projects purposes (Raymond, 1999) Beginnings: It was a big surprise for those who used to pay for software to be told that groups of volunteers create high quality software and produce it to the community for free. The idea of FOSS began in 1960s. In this decade commercial software was not available and researchers were in need to share software code. As a result, they started to share source code in a limited framework. Open sharing of software code was a common practice in the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in the early 1960s and in similar laboratories such as Stanford and Carnegie Mellon (Moon Sproull 2002). After that developers and users gave the idea more attention. Consequently, foundations of free software have been established in 1980s when Stallman called for free software and claimed that software should be common. In an interview, Stallman confirmed that computer users could not use the proprietary software come with most computers in the 1980s. So, such software keeps users divided and helpless. Stallman was dissatisfied with that situation and he started the free software movement in 1993 when he wrote the GNU open source operating system (M. Reilly, 2008). The general public license of GNU operating system allows users receive all their rights in essential freedoms mentioned above. In 2005 the idea achieved its goals in software filed and became more trusted by users and developers (Raymond 1999). Wikipedia is a known example of F/OSS. It is a free encyclopedia started in the beginnings of 2001 by means of highly qualified contributors. It provides 19 free encyclopedias in 19 different languages and its content has been created by user contributions. Many other examples like Apache web server, BIND name server and Linux operating system kernel are free for any user to use, amend and share. Motivations: The motivations of Stallman to produce free software are his strong belief in freedom, particularly the freedom for individuals to cooperate (2003). But what are the incentives other developers have to become contributors in open source projects? In other words, why do programmers volunteer their time and experience without any financial returns to create free software? Raymond is one of the first GNU contributors, a developer of many net open source software and a significant participant in Linux operating system development. He indicated that Linux project was going from strength to strength and the reason was the bazaar model of the Linux development style in which all contributors worked hard as at individual projects. He added that the democratic atmosphere in bazaar model motivated him and his partners to work hard regardless of financial returns (Raymond 1999). The Linux creator, Linus Trovalds, says: I am basically a very lazy person who likes to get credit for things other people actually do (Raymond 1999). Torvalds , as he stated in his book Just For Fun, has an early interest in computing, he does not seem to take himself too seriously, he is a lucky guy who can provide a career for himself, and he finds a lot of fun when he writes software code. It is surprising that hackers are also a significant motivating factor; they lead developers to impress their peers, gain a better reputation and raise their ranks in society (Zaleski et al. 2001). Wikipedia showed, in a study made up by Wikipedia administrators, that the reason for their participants to be a part in such free work is the desire to create a benefit thing that helps others and meets their requirements (Wikipedia 2010). While the basic motivations for corporation in learners open source community are learning specific topics, learning how to be future learners and projects creating. Advantages: Software is characterized by many factors: Its cost, where the lower price is more preferred and thus free is the most. Voluntary work, where volunteers are motivated towards the project and they are interested in, which means that they do their best. Continuously tested by all participant and users, hence it is almost free of bugs and errors. These factors refer that open source software is likely to be the best solution for any project if needed features are provided. Besides, developers have created it according to own needs which means that it is in a high level of quality and efficiency. F/OSS has many advantages related to development cost and time, bug correction and independency. Time and cost are essential factors in software development and they can be exploited by using of OSS which reduces the number of programmers employer has to pay himself, provides a ready tested code from other projects and thus reduces the time it takes to build, test and develop. Besides that creating software by many developers, each has revised and corrected its errors and each has a different background, leads to less bugs and faster detection and correction. Linus law refers to this idea Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow (Answers.com, 2009). Openness of source code provides communication paths and interactive communities. F/OSS community in schools consists of researchers, learners and teachers; each listens to others and respects their opinions. It is expected in this style of community to switch roles among its members, where students may be assigned particular roles to take on for the studied project. So they can share their ideas in all projects aspects. On the other hand, sense of control is uncommon in most classrooms, so one of learners communitys advantages is to prepare students for future life by involving them in the experiment of leadership (H. Baytiyeh, J. Pfaffman, 2010). Another advantage for open source software, which Zaleski stated in his article, that open source innovation was the reason for Linux operating system to move quickly from being an ambiguous operating system used by programmers and hackers to an essential operating system in business area (2001). On the other hand, open source technology resolved the problem of knowledge transfer in developing countries. Direct import of software not only costs these countries high amounts of money, but also puts them in complex troubles where they do not know how to develop this software to meet the local needs (Alkhatib 2008). Why do some organizations still buy commercial software instead of using free ones? The voluntary of open source projects and the relative lake of financial support make them far from marketing and advertising. This means that many organizations have not been informed that free solutions relevant to their needs are available freely. This knowledge gap cause many other barriers. Some managers do not know how to implement and use open source applications and they may be unaware of the range of services provided with such applications like support services and consultations. To cover this knowledge gap, an up to date archive of open source applications is available in SourceForge.net website. This website consists of more than 131,000 open source applications with their latest software updates where the accessibility is allowed for any organization to find suitable free software according to its requirements. Further, assistance with the technical issues of open source applications implementation is available by many open source consultants like IBM, Red Hat, and Open Sky Consulting. Forking is another reason for not using F/OSS. The independency between open source software developers groups leads to different versions of same software. Although these versions started with the same source code, they are not able to interoperate because these groups create their own versions without coordination. This phenomenon is called forking and it is the responsible for open source software fragmenting. As a result, the open source BSD-Unix community was divided into three portions in early 1990s, and Emacs text editor and NCSA web server are other examples where both forked into two divisions in 1992 and 2995 respectively. In Nagys opinion, forking is dangerous because it causes inherited fragmentation for both of the original software adopters and marketing of relative applications. Many versions of one software leads adopters to choose one to support, consequently, software will not gain the critical mass of adopters it aims to do. On the other hand, venders will be put in a point of choosing to support one of forked versions or all of them in their own applications. In this case, some adopters and vendors decide to wait for a standard version or to stall their adoption and supporting (NAGY et al. 2010). Conclusion: No one can predict the future of software, but developers can expect that open source software will be stronger and gain increased faith from traditional software industry. Historically, one can recognize the discontinuities appeared between IBM System in the 1960s, first PC in the end of 1970s and the open source movement in the 1990s. So it is expected that this technology gap will take place in the next 10-15 years for a new software innovation (Campbell-Kelly 2008) Green IT Introduction: IT has brought many significant solutions for environmental sustainability, but at the same time, it caused a lot of problems especially in data centers where energy is consumed enormously (Murugesan 2010) Hopper, a professor of computer technology at the University of Cambridge and head of its Computer Laboratory, claimed that the system we now employ is hugely wasteful and he proposed to create new systems which are more efficient, less expensive and help in reducing energy consumptions; because he believed that moving data is cheaper than energy (Kurp 2008) Computers impact environment from the first stage of producing to the last stage of disposal. Moreover, increased consumption of energy leads to more greenhouse gas emissions because the main source of energy is coil, oil or gas burning (Murugesan 2010) Since environmental problems come from each stage of computers life, green IT must covers all of these areas, from designing to manufacturing and use end with disposal. In the article Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices, San Murugesan defines green computing as the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems -such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems- efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment. (Murugesan 2008) Suggested solutions: Dell and Hewlett-Packard are two computer manufacturers. They decided to solve the problem by retooling their products. On the other hand, the solution from the standpoint of David Wang, the data center architect for Teradata, is not to replace all old computers by others which are more environments friendly. He confirmed that attention must be drawn to increasing power consumption as well as to heat removal in data centers (Kurp 2008). Murugesan has illustrated areas and activities which are involved in green IT solutions as the following:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Environmental friendly designing;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Energy-efficient computing;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Power management;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Location and architecture of data centers;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Server virtualization which has been explained before;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Responsible disposal and recycling;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regulatory compliance;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Green metrics, assessment tools and methodology;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Environment-related risk reducing;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Use of renewable energy sources; and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eco-labeling of IT products (2008). Other solutions have been produced by Hasbrouck and Woodruff. They suggested two strategies for green computing: Reduce computing technologys contribution to the problem by producing energy-efficient computers, take reusability into account during computers designing, use less materials and work toward computers and related systems recycling. Moreover, they indicated that truing off inactive computers, using energy-efficient devices and reduction of emissions emitted from computers manufacturing are significant parts of this strategy. Give computing a role in resolving the issue by creating green applications which enable design green objects and green processes such as design green buildings, invent source of renewable energy and design fuel-efficient aircraft (2008). Most efforts in green IT are directed towards the first strategy to solve environmental problems which have increased along with computers using increase. As a result of these problems caused by computers, many associations are turning to green computing to save money and reduce waste. To do so, Dick Sullivan listed five major trends: Virtualization in all forms especially for servers, storage and network environments. In other words, transform entire machines into software-based entities. For instance, a room with five servers can be replaced by an efficient server provided with high performance software. Utilize the cloud computing where no need to have own data centers, own big servers or storage systems. Many organizations need only a small amount of proprietary equipment and functionality. In this case, they can basically purchase what they need from someone else who will be responsible for the security, power and maintenance. Sullivan confirmed that a huge amount of data is basically an exact duplicate of other data, so converting to intelligent compression or single instance storage can eliminate this waste and cut the total data storage needed. Solid-state disk (SSD) has no moving parts and is not magnetic, so it is a stronger, safer and faster way to store and access data. Everyone can make impact and be a part of green computing project when s/he has more awareness of her/his direct and indirect daily computing habits. Employees, for example, can support green computing if they use to turn off computers not in use, banning screen savers and shorten the turn-off times when computers are inactive. On the other hand, printing waste a lot of papers, so managing this daily process by printing only as needed and adopting double sided printing will make a significant impact (Clarke 2009) Many efforts have been made to support the idea of green IT. Climate Savers Computing Initiative (CSCI) is one of these efforts. It seeks to reduce electric power consumption of PCs and it has established a catalogue of green products from organizations involved with, in addition to helpful information about reducing PC energy consumption. This initiative is a group of consumers, businesses and conservation organizations formed in 2007, it has gained brilliant results where 50 percent of energy consumed by computers was economized by 2010, and it was able to reduce global CO2 emissions from the operation of computers by 54 million tons a year (Wikipedia 2010). Motivations: To enforce computer users to subject to green IT solutions and apply them on their daily routines, government can face them with more green taxis and rules. But it is better, in my opinion, to raise people awareness toward the danger that threatens the Earth if they continue using traditional computers in traditional methods, and to teach them the benefits of green IT. Applying green IT issues in all affected areas offers individuals and organizations financial benefits where IT operations achieve better energy efficiency through green initiatives. In a survey made by Sun Microsystem Australia, 1500 responses have been collected from 758 different-size organizations. Almost of these responses illustrated that the main reasons for using green IT practices are reducing energy consumption and get lower costs. As a result, most companies started to prioritize environmental issues. Moreover, institutions and corporate ask their suppliers to take into account how to green up their products and manufacturing processes. Not only companies but also people began to adhere to environmentally friendly issues of IT (Murugesan 2008). Green IT approach: As it has mentioned above that environmental problems caused by computing should be addressed by a holistic approach which include solutions for all areas affected by using computers. This approach, as it has been explained by Murugesan, consists of four concepts: Green use that aims to reduce energy consumption and use computers in an environmentally friendly manner. Green disposal where computers, related system like printers and electronic equipments should be reused, refurbished or recycled. Green design where new computers, servers and cooling devices can be designed to be more energy efficient. Green manufacturing which aims to adopt the process of computers and sub-systems creating that minimize or get rid of its impact on the environment (2008) References: 2003. Richard Stallman: FreedomHis Passion Both For Work And In Life. Electronic Design, 51(23), 112. Answers.com, what are the advantages and disadvantages of open source software and why?, [Internet]. Available from: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_ disadvantages_of _open _source_software_and_why, [Accessed 30th November 2010] Campbell-Kelly, M., 2008. Historical Reflecions Will the Future of Software be Open Source? Communications of the ACM, 51(10), 21-23. Clarke, K., 2009. Green computing trends you should know. Associations Now, 5(8), 19. Hasbrouck, J. Woodruff, A., 2008. Green Homeowners as Lead Adopters: Sustainable Living and Green Computing. Intel Technology Journal, 12(1), 39-48. Kurp, P., 2008. Green Computing. Communications of the ACM, 51(10), 11-13. Michael Bloch, Open source software in your online business -advantages/ disadvantages, 1999-2010 Moon, J.Y. Sproull, L., 2002. Essence of distributed work: The case of the Linux kernel. In P. Hinds S. Kiesler, eds. Distributed work.   Cambridge, MA US: MIT Press, pp. 381-404. Murugesan. S., 2008, â€Å"Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices,† IEEE IT Professional, January–February 2008, pp 24-33. Murugesan, S., 2010. Making IT Green. IEEE Computer Society, Vol. 12, No. 2. NAGY, D., YASSIN, A.M. BHATTACHERJEE, A., 2010. Organizational Adoption of Open Source Software: Barriers and Remedies. Communications of the ACM, 53(3), 148-151. Raymond, E., 1999. The Cathedral and the Bazaar. Knowledge, Technology Policy, 12(3), 23. Reilly, M., 2008. Interview: Richard Stallman, one of the founders of free software. Vidyasagar Potdar and Elizabeth Chang (2004) Open source and closed source software development methodologies. Proc.of the 4th Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering, pages 105-109, Edinburgh, Scotland, May 25 2004. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia (2001) Open source [Internet]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source, [Accessed 4th November 2010] Zaleski, J. et al., 2001. JUST FOR FUN (Book Review). Publishers Weekly, 248(17), 60.